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Carcinoma of the Vagina and Vulva
Published in Pat Price, Karol Sikora, Treatment of Cancer, 2020
Sadaf Ghaem-Maghami, Kostas Lathouras
This is an uncommon condition, similar to that found in the breast. Pruritus is the presenting complaint. The lesion is indistinguishable clinically from squamous intraepithelial neoplasia, and the diagnosis must be made by biopsy. In approximately one-third of patients, there is an adenocarcinoma in the apocrine glands. This has a poor prognosis if the groin lymph nodes are involved, with no survivors at 5 years.
Penile Cancer
Published in Manit Arya, Taimur T. Shah, Jas S. Kalsi, Herman S. Fernando, Iqbal S. Shergill, Asif Muneer, Hashim U. Ahmed, MCQs for the FRCS(Urol) and Postgraduate Urology Examinations, 2020
Hussain M. Alnajjar, Asif Muneer
SCC accounts for 95% of penile cancers. It can be subdivided into usual type (60%–70%), papillary (7%), condylomatous (7%), basaloid (4%–10%), verrucous (7%) or sarcomatoid (1%–4%). Both sarcomatoid and basaloid subtypes are more aggressive and have a poorer prognosis. Rare tumours are malignant melanoma (2%), basal cell carcinoma (2%), sarcomas (1%) and extramammary Paget’s disease (essentially adenocarcinoma arising in the penile skin apocrine glands) (1%).
Actions of Dopamine on the Skin and the Skeleton
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Apocrine glands are found in the armpits, areola of the breast, perineum (area between anus and genitals), in the ear, and in the eyelids. Eccrine glands are present all over the body, except for the abovementioned parts. Apocrine sweat glands secrete a fluid containing pheromone-like compounds that attract the opposite sex. This phenomenon occurs in all mammals, including humans. A distinguishing feature of apocrine glands is that they are inactive before puberty. The hormonal surge during puberty brings about a change in the size of the apocrine glands and starts their functioning. In sum, apocrine glands are considered as modified glands that secrete wax in the ears, milk in the breast and secretions of the ciliary glands in the eyelids, while eccrine glands are the major sweat glands of the body and are widely distributed.
Hidradenoma papilliferum of the perineum; a rare tumour in a rare location
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2023
Saliha Sağnıç, Sinan Serdar Ay, Hasan Aykut Tuncer, Selen Doğan, Tayup Şimşek
Tumours of the apocrine gland are closely related to each other histopathologically. Tubular apocrine adenoma, clear cell (apocrine) hidradenoma, and syringocystadenoma papilliferum should be included in the histopathological differential diagnosis of HP. Syringocystadenoma papilliferum is very rarely seen in the female genital tract. Cystic invaginations extending downward from the epidermis along with plasma cell infiltration are characteristic of histological findings of syringocystadenoma papilliferum and the absence of connection in the papillary structure distinguishes hidradenoma papilliferum from syringocystadenoma papilliferum. GCDFP-15, a sensitive marker for apocrine differentiation, is mostly positive in HP while in syringocystadenoma papilliferum lower GCDFP-15 staining has been reported (Nishie et al. 2004). In tubular apocrine adenoma, tubules have a dilated lumen with papillary projections extending into it. In clear cell hidradenoma, the lesions are constructed with apocrine-like tubular structures and clear cells can be seen. Hidradenoma papilliferum sometimes displays histopathology similar to these conditions (Minami et al. 2006, Lee et al. 2011).
Anti-ageing peptides and proteins for topical applications: a review
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Mengyang Liu, Shuo Chen, Zhiwen Zhang, Hongyu Li, Guiju Sun, Naibo Yin, Jingyuan Wen
Glands are partial appendages, and the sebaceous glands are the small oil-producing glands directly open to the skin's surface and attach to hair follicles. These glands are most abundant on the scalp and face. They secrete an antibacterial substance known as sebum, a mixture of free fatty acids, glycerides, and cholesterol (Wertz 2018). Sebum acts as a lubricant and is the source of SC plasticizing lipids. The essential function of sebum is to maintain the pH of the skin’s surface (Ma et al. 2019). Sweat glands are present in the lower layers of the dermis and are responsible for temperature regulation. Distributed all over the body, except around the areola, secretions from sweat glands are a diluted salt solution with a pH of around 5 (Ma et al. 2019). Conversely, the apocrine glands are only located in areas such as the armpit and perianal, and they are usually larger than other counterparts (Farah et al. 2020). These appendages also change during puberty, affecting the permeation of the skin (Hirt et al. 2019).
Physiology of sweat gland function: The roles of sweating and sweat composition in human health
Published in Temperature, 2019
The apocrine gland is a second type of sweat gland, which was first recognized by Krause in 1844 and later named by Schiefferdecker in 1922 [20,21]. Apocrine sweat glands are located primarily in the axilla, breasts, face, scalp, and the perineum [21,22]. As shown in Figure 1, these glands differ from eccrine glands in that they are larger and open into hair follicles instead of onto the skin surface [12]. In addition, although present from birth, the secretory function of apocrine glands does not begin until puberty [23]. Apocrine glands produce viscous, lipid-rich sweat, which is also comprised of proteins, sugars, and ammonia [21,23]. The function of apocrine glands in many species is generally regarded as scent glands involved in production of pheromones (body odor), although this social/sexual function is rudimentary in humans. Apocrine gland innervation is poorly understood, but isolated sweat glands have been found to respond equally to adrenergic and cholinergic stimuli [23].