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Glutaric Acidemia/Glutathione Synthetase Deficiency
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Diet: High-protein foods such as meat, fish, cheese, eggs, and nuts need to be eliminated.3 Strict dietary control may help limit progression of the neurological damage. Restriction of lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan is essential. Supplementation with amino acid based formulas provide energy, nitrogen, vitamins, and minerals which can promote anabolism and growth.4
Single Amino Acids
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
One documented effect of arginine is induction or release of somatotropin in normal and diseased subjects after intravenous administration of high doses of arginine·HCl (15 to 30 g).227–231 European research has found that oral administration of arginine·HCl or arginine aspartate can release small but significant amounts of somatotropin at high levels of intake (250 mg/kg/d or 38 g) both short-term and long-term.232–238 One study, by Isidori, found increases in serum somatotropin and somatomedin in healthy athletes after oral administration of 1.2 g arginine pyroglutamate (l-arginine-2-pyirolidone-5-carboxylate) plus 1.2 g l-lysine.231 Either amino acid alone was incapable of stimulating somatotropin after oral administration. Products with this formula are available in some health food stores and mail order companies in the U.S. as dietary supplements. Somatotropin and somatomedins (insulin-like growth factor I) have known enhancement effects on wound healing in humans.239–241 Therefore, any increase in their serum levels may likely be of benefit for healing processes and overall anabolism.
Metabolism
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
Metabolism can be defined as the sum of the chemical changes that occur in the cell and involve the breakdown and synthesis of stored energy sources. Metabolism can be divided into two basic processes: (i) anabolism, involving the synthesis of cellular macromolecules and (ii) catabolism, the breakdown of energy stores to ATP and reducing equivalents for cell function and provision of precursors for anabolism. The balance between anabolic and catabolic processes is maintained by the actions of hormones, which coordinate and control tissue responses. Acute control of these processes is via hormones that rapidly modify the activity of existing enzymes, whereas chronic control is effected by the amount of enzymes in the cells.
A Proprietary Herbal Blend Containing Extracts of Punica granatum Fruit Rind and Theobroma cocoa Seeds Increases Serum Testosterone Level in Healthy Young Males: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Poorna Gopal Azad Sreeramaneni, Amulya Yalamanchi, Manikyeswara Rao Konda, Sree Harsha Varma Cherukuri, Joseph C. Maroon
The most notable observation from the present study is that the LN18178 supplemented participants increased free and total testosterone levels. In parallel, the participants also improved the hand grip strength and mid-upper arm diameter compared with the placebo. Testosterone is an anabolic hormone. It increases muscle mass, strength, and stamina, hence, enhances physical performance (24). The present findings suggest a potential application of LN18178 as a natural ergogenic supplement for males. The use of dietary ergogenic supplements to boost testosterone levels is commonly practiced in young males to improve their sports performances. Another important observation from the present study is that the herbal blend concomitantly increased serum LH in the study participants. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus regulates testosterone biosynthesis via stimulating the release of LH from the pituitary. LH increases cAMP signaling and activates the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein in the Leydig cells to increase testosterone synthesis (25, 26). In the present study, we did not estimate the serum GnRH level in the participants. However, our results suggest a possibility that LN18178 might have regulated the pituitary-gonadal cross-talk and increased the testosterone level.
Can COVID-19 have a clinically significant effect on drug metabolism?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2023
Felicia Ceban, Mehala Subramaniapillai, Joshua D. Rosenblat, Rodrigo B. Mansur, Roger S. McIntyre
Hepatic metabolism is one of three major routes of drug elimination. Drug metabolism generally involves a sequence of two reactions that allow for efficient excretion by the kidneys. Phase I reactions are catabolic and typically involve reduction, oxidation, or hydrolysis to convert lipophilic agents into more polar and reactive products. Phase II reactions are anabolic and consist of conjugation reactions with endogenous hydrophilic substances to further polarize and usually inactivate the parent drug [1]. The Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, a set of heme proteins, frequently catalyze reactions involved in phase I metabolism. Although there exist 57 CYP isoforms in humans, not all are involved in drug metabolism, and CYP3A4/5, CYP2D6, CYP2C8/9, and CYP1A2 are responsible for the majority of reactions catalyzed by CYP450 [2]. Herein, we aim to explore the possibility of whether COVID-19 infection and associated inflammation can affect drug metabolism.
Chinese herbal decoction (Danggui Buxue Tang) supplementation augments physical performance and facilitates physiological adaptations in swimming rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
William Chih-Wei Chang, Ching-Chi Yen, Chao-Pei Cheng, Yu-Tse Wu, Mei-Chich Hsu
There are several major mechanisms involved in the effects of supplements or drugs that may augment physical performance. Boosting anabolism can result in increased muscle mass and muscular strength (Willoughby et al. 2007); stimulating activity of the central nervous system can elevate heart rate and blood pressure and reduce tiredness and fatigue (Avois et al. 2006); regulating fuel metabolism can improve exercise capacity and prolong duration until exhaustion (Ormsbee et al. 2014). Although both animal and human studies have highlighted a dramatic improvement in performance after DBT supplementation (Liu et al. 2011; Chang et al. 2018), its action in terms of biochemical regulation is not yet well understood. According to a recent metabolomics research (Miao et al. 2018), five major metabolic pathways were involved in DBT supplementation on fatigued mice: (1) phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan metabolism, (2) glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, (3) glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, (4) pyruvate metabolism, and (5) the Krebs cycle. Consequently, we deduce that DBT more likely alters the energy expenditure during exercise.