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Injuries Due to Burns and Cold
Published in Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner, Trauma Care Manual, 2021
Ian Greaves, Keith Porter, Jeff Garner
Scalds often result in a mixed pattern of burn depth, with the deepest burns occurring at the point of initial contact and burns to peripheral areas being less deep. The severity of scalds depends on the temperature of the water.
Heat, cold and electrical trauma
Published in Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones, Simpson's Forensic Medicine, 2019
Jason Payne-James, Richard Jones
The general features of scalds are similar to those of burns, with erythema and blistering, but charring of the skin is only found when the liquid applied is extremely hot, for example, with molten metal. The pattern of scalding will depend upon the way in which the body has been exposed to the fluid: immersion into hot liquid results in an upper ‘fluid level’, whereas poured, splashed or scattered droplets of liquid result in scattered punctate areas of scalding. Runs or streams of hot fluid will leave characteristic areas of scalding. These will generally flow under the influence of gravity and this can provide a marker to the orientation or position of the victim at the time the fluid was moving (Figure 12.4). This may be useful for corroboration when two different accounts of how the injury was sustained are given.
Recognisable signs of a child suffering physical abuse
Published in Adrian Powell, Paedophiles, Child Abuse and the Internet, 2018
Scalds, accidental or deliberate, occur when a liquid of a sufficient temperature comes into contact with the skin for an adequate period of time to damage the surface and underlying layers of skin and flesh. In most cases of scalding, the liquid concerned is hot water – either tap water, boiling water or a hot drink. Other liquids which may cause scalding can be soup, molten foodstuffs such as chocolate or sugar, molten metal such as solder, oil or grease, or candle wax.
Third-degree burn mouse treatment using recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 2
Published in Growth Factors, 2020
Thu-Minh Tran-Nguyen, Khanh-Thien Le, Le-Giang Thi Nguyen, Thanh-Loan Thi Tran, Phuong-Cac Hoang-Thai, Thuoc Linh Tran, Sik-Loo Tan, Hieu Tran-Van
The evaluation of therapies for burn treatment requires appropriate burn animal models which could be repeatedly created and should be warranted for homogeneity of wound size and depth. For thermal burn, two popular methods to create burn models are using boiling water and heated metal blocks and rodents are the most chosen animals. For common scald burn models, the drawback is that they frequently require flame-resistant molds to cover the animals before immersing exposed skin into boiling water, thus it is difficult to manipulate (Hiyama et al. 2013; Abdullahi, Amini-Nik, and Jeschke 2014). In contrast, dry burn models using heated metal blocks are simple but the previous studies rarely mention how the metal blocks are applied with the same pressures for each wound (Stevens et al. 1994; Ibrahim et al. 2014). Besides, the metal blocks after heating in boiling water are then often wiped dry, thus their temperature can be differently changed before wounding (Ibrahim et al. 2014). Furthermore, using boiling water is dangerous for experimenters. Here, we reported a simple semi-automated device to create a third-degree burn murine model which consists of a brass rod, controlled heating element, and temperature sensor in order to control both wound size, burning temperature, and applied pressure. The burn model after being evaluated about wound size, wound depth, and burn degree would be used for evaluation of burn treatment using our lab-made rhFGF-2.
Demographics and clinical patterns of burns requiring emergency hospitalization at a regional north-eastern us burn center
Published in Hospital Practice, 2020
Barry Hahn, Seungwhan Alex Roh, Christopher Price, Wayne Fu, Jaclyn DiBello, Paul Barbara, Josh Greenstein, Jerel Chacko
Most of the burn injuries treated in burn centers occur in the home, followed by work (8%) [15]. Among these and all burns, flame, contact and scald injuries are the most common causes of burns. This is in accordance with our findings, as well as the findings of other studies [16,17]. Scald burns occur from hot tap water baths, hot foods and liquids, and heated cooking oils. Most flame injuries result from an open flame. Older adults are most likely to sustain a scald burn in the bathroom, followed by the kitchen [18]. This is in contrast to scalds in children, which usually occur in the kitchen, caused by hot food or beverages, with the bathroom as the second most common location [19]. In a previous study by Tian et al [7], which closely resembled the age groups in this study, most common age-related patterns of burn causes were as follows; 82% scalds in 0–1 years of age group, 95% scalds in 1.1–3 years of age group, 83% scalds in 3.1–6 years of age group, 44% scalds in 6.1–12 years of age group, 67% flame in 12.1–18 years of age group, 59% flame in 18.1–40 years of age group, 53% flame in 40.1–65 years of age group, 84% flame in 65.1 and older age group. According to the American Burn Association’s National Burn Repository report, the most common burn etiologies divided into age groups were as follows; scalds in the 0–0.9, 1–1.9, 2–4.9 and 5–15.9 years of age groups, then flame in the 16–19.9 age group and each decade of life after that [20].
Sympathetic Ophthalmia Following Accidental Burn with Hot Water Involving the Other Eye
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2018
Zahedur Rahman, Sowkath Ali, Parthopratim Dutta Majumder
The pathophysiology of SO is not clearly understood. It appears that the disrupted integrity of the inciting eye leads to an autoimmune hypersensitivity reaction against the exposed ocular antigens in the injured eye as well as in the sympathizing eye.1 Various surgical procedures have been implicated in causation of SO including non-penetrating procedures such as diode-laser cyclophotocoagulation,2 cyclocryotherapy,3 and proton beam irradiation for choroidal melanoma.4 To the best of our knowledge, SO induced by scald due to hot water has not been reported in literature till date. In a case series of globe injury patients, Zhang et al.5 reported one case of SO induced by alkali burn. In another case report, Shen et al.6 described a case of SO in a patient who received severe chemical burns. We present a case of SO following scalds due to hot water 9 months back and were subsequently treated with oral and systemic steroids and immunosuppressive.