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Contingency Tables
Published in Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie, Principles of Biostatistics, 2022
Marcello Pagano, Kimberlee Gauvreau, Heather Mattie
Since the role of rescue breathing in cardiopulmonary resuscitation was uncertain, a randomized study was conducted to compare survival to hospital discharge among individuals experiencing out-of-hospital cardiac arrest when bystanders were instructed to perform chest compression plus rescue breathing versus chest compression alone [271]. Data from this study are saved in the dataset cpr. Dispatcher instructions are saved under the name procedure, and survival to hospital discharge under the name survival.
Drowning
Published in Mike Tipton, Adam Wooler, The Science of Beach Lifeguarding, 2018
In some cases, even an early and effective rescue will not prevent medical consequences of the drowning process. In those cases, basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support may be needed. When it is safe and appropriate, rescue breathing may need to be initiated while the victim is still in the water [3,28]. If the person is rescued alive, the clinical picture is determined predominantly by the volume of water that has been aspirated and the reactivity of the person’s airways to this water, but not to the type of water (salt or fresh). Water in the alveoli can cause surfactant destruction and washout. Salt and fresh water aspiration cause similar degrees of pathology [25] although there are differences in osmotic gradients. In either situation, the effect of the osmotic gradient on the very delicate alveolar-capillary membrane can disrupt the integrity of the membrane, increase its permeability and exacerbate fluid, plasma and electrolyte shifts [25]. The clinical picture of the damage, depending on the amount of water aspirated, the reactivity of the person’s airways and damage caused to the alveolar– capillary membrane, is a regional or general pulmonary oedema that may decrease in different proportion the exchange of O2 and CO2 [4,25,29].
Cyanides, sulfides, and carbon monoxide
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Many individuals cannot detect the odor of cyanide. The exposure limit of cyanide in work rooms must not be exceeded at any time. Emergency treatment kits containing 0.2-ml ampules of amyl nitrite, 10-ml ampules of 3% sodium nitrite, and 25-ml ampules of 25% sodium thiosulfate, with suitable syringes and needles, should be immediately available where cyanide is being used. Rescue personnel should wear protective clothing and rescue breathing apparatus.
Shared injection experiences: Interpersonal involvement in injection drug practices among women
Published in Substance Abuse, 2021
Kathryn J. Barnhart, Brian Dodge, M. Aaron Sayegh, Debby Herbenick, Michael Reece
Eight women in this group reported injecting in the neck and three of those women needed assistance to engage in this behavior. Most women who reported using this riskier location15 pointed to the lower neck and upper collar bone area. However, women who used a tie/tourniquet were injecting higher on their neck. The practice of tying off on the neck or holding their breath to expose veins may be more likely to increase harm, but some of this may be reduced when practicing this behavior with a trusted partner. For example, their injection partner may be able to release the tie and administer rescue breathing when needed. However, one of the women reported allowing a stranger to inject her in the neck. This drug-use partner may or may not have been as reliable if something negative were to occur. Practitioners should continue to inquire about injection location and discuss safer injection points. For women who inject in the neck, guidance on safer ties and using with trusted others to reduce harm should be considered and discussed.
Temporal Trends in the Incidence, Characteristics, and Outcomes of Hanging-Related Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Published in Prehospital Emergency Care, 2020
Saeed Alqahtani, Ziad Nehme, Brett Williams, Stephen Bernard, Karen Smith
Although the rate of bystander CPR in our cohort reached 75% by 2012–2017, survival outcomes remained unchanged over the study period. Bystander CPR alone does not necessarily improve survival (24, 25). A growing body of literature suggests that bystander CPR could be futile in several subgroups of OHCA, including unwitnessed arrests and initial non-shockable arrests (26–28). It is possible that the value of bystander CPR in our cohort was diminished by the high rate of patients who were unwitnessed and presented with initial non-shockable arrest rhythms (>93%). It is also possible that rescue breathing may have not been considered when CPR was administered by bystanders in our population. Animal studies suggest that bystander CPR with rescue breathing is associated with better survival outcomes compared to compression-only CPR in cardiac arrests precipitated by asphyxia (29, 30).
App-based learning as an alternative for instructors in teaching basic life support to school children: a randomized control trial
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2019
Laurens Doucet, Ruben Lammens, Sarah Hendrickx, Phillipe Dewolf
For a detailed description of these values, see Appendix A. There is no significant difference (p > 0.05) in T0 between both groups for checking responsiveness, checking airway, calling emergency services, asking for an AED, location of compressions, rhythm of compressions, depth of compressions, rescue breathing, ratio compressions/ventilations, placement of pads and shocking the patient. After the intervention (instructor-led teaching or app-based teaching), we compare both groups at moment T1. There is no significant difference between both groups for checking responsiveness, calling emergency services, location of compressions, rhythm of compressions, depth of compressions, rescue breathing, compressions/ventilations ratio and placement of the pads.