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Intelligent Learning Analytics in the Healthcare Sector Using Machine Learning and IoT
Published in Govind Singh Patel, Seema Nayak, Sunil Kumar Chaudhary, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Big Data, and Internet of Things for Healthcare, 2023
Kundankumar Rameshwar Saraf, P. Malathi
As shown in Figure 3.2, a pulse oximeter is used by this system to measure the oxygen level, pulse rate, and PI index of patient. Based on transmissive technology, this sensor measures the oxygen level in human body. Patients place their middle finger in the pulse oximeter. The SpO2 level (oxygen saturation level) of blood is measured by the sensor and shown in the form of a percentage. For normal human beings, the SpO2 level is always above 94 percent, below which a patient requires emergency treatment.
Understanding the Role of Existing Technology in the Fight Against COVID-19
Published in Ram Shringar Raw, Vishal Jain, Sanjoy Das, Meenakshi Sharma, Pandemic Detection and Analysis Through Smart Computing Technologies, 2022
The COVID-19 patients are routinely checked for vital signs such as body temperature, blood pressure, heartbeat, and oxygen levels. The IR thermometers have proven to be efficient for contactless measuring of the body temperature. The heart rate and the oxygen levels are measured using a pulse oximeter [2]. The pulse oximeter is a small and convenient optical device, which is clipped on the finger of a person, and the results are displayed within seconds. The working of a pulse oximeter can be understood from Figure 2.2. It consists of two light sources of wavelength 650 nm (red light) and 950 nm (IR light). The emitted light from the sources gets partially absorbed by the finger and partially passed through it to reach the detector. The amount of light absorbed by the finger depends on many parameters, and these are used for determining the oxygen saturation values. The hemoglobin carrying oxygen (oxygenated Hb) absorbs more IR light as compared to the red light. On the other hand, the deoxygenated Hb absorbs more red light than IR light. By comparing the ratio between the red and IR light reaching the detector, the oxygen saturation in the blood can be determined. Although this is the basic working principle, the actual device is calibrated based on many other factors such as the scattering of light while passing through the finger, and the absorption of light by parts other than the arterial blood. In the case of corona positive patients, a pulse oximeter is a handy device which can timely give information about the oxygen levels in a patient.
Measuring and monitoring vital signs
Published in Nicola Neale, Joanne Sale, Developing Practical Nursing Skills, 2022
Holmes and Peffers (2013) highlight various conditions that can influence pulse oximetry, such as asthma, peripheral vascular disease in older people, some antiretroviral medication (HIV drugs), anaemia and sickle cell anaemia (a genetic condition causing red blood cells to have a sickle shape affecting oxygen transport). They also identify that nail polish, dirt or artificial nails on the fingertip, movement leading to artefacts and dark or pigmented skin can alter readings. Barnett et al. (2012) and McDermott et al. (2018) describe the choice of sites in pulse oximetry readings and note that ear and finger sites may offer different readings. Therefore, it is important that you identify which site is used routinely in your clinical area, to aim to eliminate errors of reading. If you consider the factors mentioned above, you can try to increase accuracy in measurement of pulse oximetry, and you must report any abnormal findings immediately to a registered nurse or doctor.
Incidence and predictors of diabetes mellitus among severe COVID-19 patients in western Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study
Published in Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa, 2023
Tadesse Tolossa, Matiyos Lema, Bizuneh Wakuma, Ebisa Turi, Ginenus Fekadu, Diriba Mulisa, Getahun Fetensa
The predictor variables considered for this study were sociodemographic factors such as age, residence and sex. Clinically related variables such as fever on admission, headache on admission, loss of appetite, sore throat, cough on admission, fatigue, status of the patient on admission, organ failure, oxygen supplementation activity, duration of clinical manifestation on admission, comorbidity on admission and type of comorbidity were also considered. Types of medication prescribed by the physician and laboratory-related variables such as oxygen saturation, chest X-ray, RBS, complete blood count, haemoglobin, and GeneXpert were also included. Oxygen saturation was categorised as normal oxygen levels in a pulse oximeter, i.e. ranging from 94% to 100%; blood oxygen levels below 94% are considered low (hypoxemia).26
The effects of music therapy on peripherally inserted central catheter in hospitalized children with leukemia
Published in Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2023
Ting-Ting Zhang, Zhong Fan, Shu-Zhen Xu, Zheng-Yao Guo, Min Cai, Qiong Li, Yan-Lai Tang, Li-Wei Wang, Xi Chen, Li-Jun Tang, Zhi-Ying Li, Yun Wen
Before the catheterization, the bedside nurse referred the child to a music therapist. Music therapists and nurses conduct music therapy assessment before the operation, including gathering information of children from the medical staff and their parents; communicating with children to know their music preferences. The emotional state, pain degree, heart rate, respiration and blood oxygen concentration of children were recorded at the same time before the operation. Emotional states were recorded by seven faces depicting expressions varying from very happy to very unhappy, which were assigned a score of 1 to 7. Pain degree was measured by the children’s choice on a scale of 0 to 5 (not painful to very painful). A Pulse oximeter was used to record the heart rate and blood oxygen concentration.
Clinical recommendations for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children with respiratory diseases
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2020
Tim Takken, Hazal Sonbahar Ulu, Erik H. J. Hulzebos
Pulse oximeters are useful in monitoring the efficacy of interventions, assessing the disease severity, and determining whether supplemental oxygen is needed during exercise in patients with respiratory diseases [4,5]. During exercise SpO2 can change rapidly, for this reason continuous monitoring by pulse oximetry may be desirable and new oximeters have system of enhanced signal processing algorithms and ability to reduce sensitivity to motion and variations in perfusion. It is important to note that forehead sensors have a better precision compared to finger sensors [6]. Forehead sensors are less affected by motion and are less prone to measurement artifacts [6]. Therefore, the forehead is the preferred site for measurement during CPET. In addition, the testing environments and personnel should be child friendly, especially when testing young children.