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Evolution of Radiation Protection Guidance in the United States
Published in Shaheen A. Dewji, Nolan E. Hertel, Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 2019
The United States came somewhat late to the game, following the British effort by five years. In September 1920, led by the efforts of Detroit radiologist Preston M. Hickey, the ARRS established its Roentgen Ray Protection Committee, the first standing committee on X-ray protection. The was not accomplished without a struggle, for many radiologists, who were the leading and majority force within the ARRS, did not support the establishment of such a standing committee. To his credit, Hickey ultimately prevailed. The following year, the British issued a comprehensive formal set of recommendations and formally established the British X-Ray and Radium Protection Committee under the leadership of Professor Sydney Russ. The British recommendations introduced the concept of limited exposure time for persons working with X-rays and radium to no more than seven hours per day with Sundays and two half-days per week off (Kathren and Brodsky 1996; Williams and Ell 1986). Other countries, notably Sweden, Holland, Germany, the Soviet Union, and France also quickly adopted radiation protection recommendations and standards patterned after those of the British, which stood essentially unchanged for the next decade. And, in the United States, 1922 saw the adoption of radiation protection rules by the ARRS, patterned after those of the British.
The CURE—SOLUTIONS to Make Healthcare Delivery in the USA ACCURATE, EFFECTIVE, and COST-EFFICIENT
Published in Miner Gary, Miner Linda, Dean Darrell, Healthcare’s Out Sick – Predicting A Cure – Solutions That Work !!!!, 2019
Miner Gary, Miner Linda, Dean Darrell
We talked about EBM earlier in the book. For the past 20 years or so, EBM was the next best idea. Truly, it sounded great. Find out what works best and do it! What works best was determined by using large group studies and p-value statistics. The goal was noble, and methods came from the research that was determined to be the “gold standards.” How could one go wrong? And we addressed how things could and do go wrong. The patient receiving the gold standard for medicine and treatment might not be like the mean of the group being tested. Individual patients might fit best in the “tail” of the distribution, as can be seen in Chapter 1. Something else might work best for that individual person. Hickey and Roberts (2011 pp. 4–5) stated it clearly in their preface: “Even the simplest experiment is difficult to analyze with EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) standard “frequentist” statistics. We suggest the use of Bayesian, Trees, and Heuristics (“Rules of Thumb” … it is becoming inc reasingly clear that EBM based on meta-analysis is junk science … EBM harms patients and suppresses medical progress.”
Doctors in the Dock
Published in John Marks, The NHS: Beginning, Middle and End?, 2017
The programme then described in detail the story of Martin Scholes, a drug addict who consulted Dr Hickey on 10 September 1987 when he was obviously high on the amphetamines that he regularly injected. He told Dr Hickey that he was due to appear in court in a few days as he had been stealing money to feed his habit. He had been a patient of Dr Hickey many years before, but the doctor made no attempt to find out whether he was still on the list – he was not – or whether he had another doctor. Dr Hickey spent an hour and a quarter with him but during that time he did not take a proper clinical history nor did he carry out any form of conventional examination. Although Scholes showed classical signs of amphetamine intoxication – sweating, agitation and aggression – Dr Hickey decided that he was suffering from amphetamine withdrawal and offered him holistic treatments such as re-birthing and dynamic medication, and recommended that he attended church on Sundays. He also offered some Valium, whereupon Scholes became aggressive and demanded something stronger. Whether he specifically requested Diconal or not was never resolved because Dr Hickey kept no notes, but he was certainly given 30 tablets of Diconal, a controlled drug with special restrictions on its prescribing because it was well known as being in demand by drug addicts who crushed the tablets and injected the suspension into their veins.
Impact of paternal transmission of gamma radiation on reproduction, oogenesis, and spermatogenesis of the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Sex ratio of emerged adults was not remarkably affected by the applied doses. Applied gamma doses did not affect the male to female ratio in the Parental or F1 generations. However, the F2 and F3 generations did show changes to the sex ratio with males occurring more frequently than females. This trend became more pronounced as dose increased. These results are in harmony with those reported by Seth and Sharma, (2001) using Spodoptera litura, Khan and Islam (1970) who reported that the applied doses did not significantly affect sex ratio in M. domestica, and Saour (2014) using the European moth, Lobesia botrana. In addition, an earlier report by Hickey and Craig (1966) stated that favoring males may be due to a genetic factor that causes a selective production of male-determining sperms which act in males and inherited in males of subsequent generations.
Engagement in carers of persons with intellectual disabilities: the role of self-efficacy and emotional intelligence
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2020
Eloísa Guerrero-Barona, Marta Rodríguez-Jiménez, María José Chambel
In fact, there is evidence of the benefits for work in professionals caring for persons with intellectual disabilities. However, as pointed out by Vassos et al. [7], the most studied construct is satisfaction at work. In the same line, Hickey [21] noted that 95% of these professionals were satisfied with their work. Pittenger et al. [22] also stated that the participants in their study, educators of persons with neurodevelopmental disorders, were satisfied with their job and that the sources of satisfaction came from the direct care of children with disabilities and from the support they perceived from their colleagues. In addition, Mascha [23] found, in a sample of workers in day care centers, that the professionals were satisfied with their jobs, the greatest sources of satisfaction being the interaction with the clients and with the managers and their colleagues. On the other hand, the lack of satisfaction has been related with such negative results as the intention of leaving the job in this sector of the working population [24]. In another research work, Hickey [21] analyzed another positive factor in a sample of 1570 workers caring for persons with intellectual disabilities: the effect of prosocial motivation, understood as the desire to perform work that benefits others. The results indicate that prosocial motivation acts as a powerful buffer against the deterioration in the relationship between the carer and the person with a disability.
Evaluation and clinical comparison studies on liposomal and non-liposomal ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and their enhanced bioavailability
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2021
Sreerag Gopi, Preetha Balakrishnan
The above data were compared based on Cmax per mg vitamin C administrated. The average Cmax per mg vitamin of the LVC product as compared with the averages of unformulated vitamin C reported by Gill et al. (1995), Levine et al. (1996) and Hickey et al. (2008), the values of LVC were about 4- and 6-fold greater, respectively. When one makes this comparison between the LVC with the value found by Hickey et al. (2008), the Cmax per mg vitamin C for the LVC study product is approximately 6-fold greater. A similar comparison with the data found by Davis et al. (2016) indicates that the Cmax per mg vitamin C for the LVC product was approximately 6.6-fold greater, which is shown in Table 4. In this study, even though the subjects were consumed 1 g equivalent vitamin C, the bioavailable difference was greater, remarkable and more striking. At this point, it is not possible explain these differences. It might be the differences in the pharmacokinetics of the volunteers in the different studies, the dissimilarities in the analytical procedures followed to measure plasma levels of vitamin C or the differences in the liposomal formulations used to encapsulate vitamin C. The data in this study show that it is possible to increase the bio-availability of ascorbic acid by encapsulation in liposomes substantially. This means that liposomal encapsulation is absolute a promising route for the increase in the clinical effectiveness of oral ascorbic acid. However, more study is required to obtain reliable formulations and dosage regimes to obtain the clinical goals.