China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The Pathophysiology of Traumatic Brain Injury
Published in Mark R. Lovell, Ruben J. Echemendia, Jeffrey T. Barth, Michael W. Collins, Traumatic Brain Injury in Sports, 2020
Christopher C. Giza, David A. Hovda
If the concussed brain is not physically disrupted, then what is the underlying etiology of this cerebral dysfunction? Several mechanisms have been implicated, including ionic shifts, abnormal energy metabolism, altered vascular reactivity and impaired neurotransmission. Brain concussion triggers a multi-layered neurometabolic cascade of physiologic changes that has important implications for cerebral vulnerability, cell death, plasticity and persistent neurocognitive deficits. Our chapter will describe this cascade and its time course in an experimental animal model of concussion. Concussion-induced physiologic derangements will then be discussed in greater detail, from the initial neurotransmitter release and ionic shifts to later alterations of cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow and ultimately, to chronic impairment of cognition and behavior. The final sections are dedicated to topics of particular interest for sports-related concussion, including the post-concussive window of vulnerability, consequences of multiple successive brain injuries, overuse injury, and developmental brain injury.
Trauma and Poisoning
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
A violent jar or shock is known as a concussion. Unlike blunt trauma, concussion is a more generalized force. The resulting injury, which is also known as a concussion, may affect any part of the body. Concussion of the brain causes loss of consciousness because of the impact to the brain. In a mild brain concussion, there is temporary loss of consciousness with possible impairment of higher functions, such as retrograde amnesia and emotional lability. Severe concussion produces prolonged unconsciousness with impairment of brainstem function such as pupillary dilation, vasomotor activity, or temporary loss of respiratory reflex. Concussion of the brain, which is functional, may be differentiated from contusion, which is organic.
Posttraumatic Headache
Published in Gary W. Jay, Clinician’s Guide to Chronic Headache and Facial Pain, 2016
A closed head injury with brain concussion or contusion is the most frequent type of head injury in children. Headache is a major complaint of early and late postinjury periods. Eighty-three percent of 100 children (3-14 years of age) had headache after cerebral concussion/contusion: 56% had acute PTHA; 27% had CPTHA, tension type; and 3% had posttraumatic migraine. Twenty-one percent had headache lasting the entire year of observation (24). Another author stated that the majority of patients with headache had their symptoms clear within three to six months (25).
Striatal functional connectivity in chronic ketamine users: a pilot study
Published in The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2020
Chia-Chun Hung, Sheng Zhang, Chun-Ming Chen, Jeng-Ren Duann, Ching-Po Lin, Tony Szu-Hsien Lee, Chiang-Shan R. Li
Ketamine-using and healthy control participants were recruited through posters at hospitals and online advertisements in the greater area of Taichung City, Taiwan. After consenting to the study, participants completed a clinical interview, questionnaire assessment, behavioral test, and magnetic resonance imaging. Ketamine users met the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) criteria for ketamine use disorders and tested positive for ketamine in urine toxicology. A positive test result for other substances including methamphetamine, opioids, ecstasy, or marijuana, was an exclusion criterion. All healthy control participants denied the use of any illicit substances and showed negative urine test results. None of the ketamine using or healthy control participants had any major medical or neurological illnesses, history of brain concussion that resulted in the loss of consciousness or psychotic disorders. A total of 36 ketamine users and 20 healthy controls participated in this study. Table 1 summarizes the key clinical characteristics of the participants.
A systematic review of acute concussion assessment selection in research
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Justin R. Moody, Robyn S. Feiss, Melissa M. Pangelinan
Researchers also need to identify which assessments should be used in the study of the acute and long-term impacts of concussion. Several concussion research consortia (e.g. CARE Consortium, Brain Concussion Neuroimaging Consortium, Concussion Research Consortium) have been developed to collect multi-site longitudinal data and curate repositories to consolidate data for secondary analyses. Yet, heterogeneity of the assessment used vary amongst the sites within a consortium. For example, the CARE Consortium, the largest multi-site research effort to investigate concussion, requires all sites to complete the Sports Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT), Standardised Assessment of Concussion (SAC), and Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), but allows individual researchers to employ additional assessments of their choice (10). Thus, amongst the 28+ sites a number of different assessments are employed including: ImPACT, Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics, the CogState Computerised Cognitive Assessment Tool, the Standardised Assessment of Concussion, the Balance Error Scoring System, Sports Concussion Assessment Tool 3rd Edition (SCAT-3) and Brief Symptom Inventory (11).
Neurobiological Information and Consideration in Dutch Pre-trial Forensic Reports of Juvenile Criminal Offenders
Published in International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2019
Maaike Kempes, Iris Berends, Nils Duits, Wim van den Brink
With respect to the distinctive types of neurobiological factors that were considered, we found that traumatic brain injuries were relatively more often considered in forensic questions whereas neurological deficits were relatively less often considered. This is not correct since forensic experts should not only mention the neurobiological factor (if it is diagnosed), but also always mention how they considered this neurobiological factor in their attempt to answer forensic questions. These current results do raise the interesting question how experts considered specific neurobiological factors, i.e., epilepsy, brain concussion, etc., with regard to criminal responsibility, risk assessment and management. Unfortunately, our sample was too small to study this more specific question.