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Marine Biotoxins: Symptoms and Monitoring Programs
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Huma Bader Ul Ain, Farhan Saeed, Hafiza Sidra Yaseen, Tabussam Tufail, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is one of the main hydrophilic shellfish poisonings caused by domoic acid (DA). DA is a natural toxicant, which is obtained from microscopic marine diatom algae (Pseudo-nitzschia). All filter-feeding shellfish eat algae, which accumulate in their body and if the algae contain toxic chemical agents (such as DA), then it will assemble in shellfish’s body. It is very harmful toxicant and poison due to DA; and it is called domoic acid poisoning (DAP) or ASP. In this poisoning, short-term memory loss has occurred. This toxin was responsible for many of human diseases in Prince Edward Island (PEI) in 1987. ASP has been linked to the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. [11].
Clinical Toxicology of Shellfish Poisoning
Published in Jürg Meier, Julian White, Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Amnesic shellfish poisoning is caused by domoic acid8. Domoic acid is produced by the diatom Nitzschia pungens (f. multiseries) and its structure is depicted in Figure 10. Other diatoms such as N. pseudodelicatissima and N. pseudoseriata have also been implicated in this form of poisoning18. Domoic acid is distinct from the polycyclic toxins produced by the dinoflagellates. It has some structural similarity to glutamic acid, and may function as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Affected individuals experienced a state of “hyper excitation" followed by “chronic loss of function in neural systems susceptible to excitotoxic degeneration"9. Severe neuronal necrosis was noted in the hypocampus and amygdaloid nucleus, and dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus9. Domoic acid is a potent depolarising agent of spinal cord ventral root neurons67. The effects on the central nervous system correlate with the observed clinical syndrome.
Domoic Acid
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Cristina Cortinovis, Leon J. Spicer, Maria Chiara Perego, Teresa Coccini, Francesca Caloni
In the summer of 1961, thousands of sooty shearwaters (Puffinus griseus), a medium-large long-winged seabird that feeds on krill, squid, and fish, converged on the shores of North Monterey Bay, California. The birds were found regurgitating anchovies, crashing through glass windows, attacking people, shrieking vocalization uncommon for this species, and dying on the streets.1 This episode inspired Hitchcock's 1963 horror film “The Birds” and has been later linked to domoic acid (DA) poisoning.2 Since then episodes of disorientation, stereotypic scratching, seizures, and death associated with DA toxicity have been reported in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis), Brant's cormorants (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps), dwarf sperm whales (Kogia sima), minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus).3–10 The first documented episode of DA poisoning in humans occurred in Canada in 1987 when over 100 people developed gastrointestinal (vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhoea) and/or neurological signs (headache, short-term memory loss, disorientation, and, in severe cases, seizures and coma) as well as fatalities after ingesting contaminated mussels (Mytilus edulis).11 Because of the short-term memory loss observed in many of the affected patients, the condition was subsequently termed amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). This chapter reviews the chemical characteristics, occurrence, toxicokinetics, and mechanism of action of DA as well as the epidemiological data, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ASP.
Human poisonings by neurotoxic phycotoxins related to the consumption of shellfish: study of cases registered by the French Poison Control Centres from 2012 to 2019
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Sandra Sinno-Tellier, Eric Abadie, Luc de Haro, Nathalie Paret, Jérôme Langrand, Gaël Le Roux, Magali Labadie, David Boels, Juliette Bloch, Nicolas Delcourt
Review of medical records for the 134 patients in whom a neurological sign was mentioned led to the a posteriori identification of 15 patients whose condition could be related to the consumption of bivalves contaminated by a neurotoxin phycotoxin. PSP was suspected for 14 patients (93%) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) for one patient (7%).