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Marine Biotoxins: Symptoms and Monitoring Programs
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Huma Bader Ul Ain, Farhan Saeed, Hafiza Sidra Yaseen, Tabussam Tufail, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) is one of the main hydrophilic shellfish poisonings caused by domoic acid (DA). DA is a natural toxicant, which is obtained from microscopic marine diatom algae (Pseudo-nitzschia). All filter-feeding shellfish eat algae, which accumulate in their body and if the algae contain toxic chemical agents (such as DA), then it will assemble in shellfish’s body. It is very harmful toxicant and poison due to DA; and it is called domoic acid poisoning (DAP) or ASP. In this poisoning, short-term memory loss has occurred. This toxin was responsible for many of human diseases in Prince Edward Island (PEI) in 1987. ASP has been linked to the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia spp. [11].
Clinical Toxicology of Shellfish Poisoning
Published in Jürg Meier, Julian White, Handbook of: Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons, 2017
Amnesic shellfish poisoning is caused by domoic acid8. Domoic acid is produced by the diatom Nitzschia pungens (f. multiseries) and its structure is depicted in Figure 10. Other diatoms such as N. pseudodelicatissima and N. pseudoseriata have also been implicated in this form of poisoning18. Domoic acid is distinct from the polycyclic toxins produced by the dinoflagellates. It has some structural similarity to glutamic acid, and may function as an excitatory neurotransmitter. Affected individuals experienced a state of “hyper excitation" followed by “chronic loss of function in neural systems susceptible to excitotoxic degeneration"9. Severe neuronal necrosis was noted in the hypocampus and amygdaloid nucleus, and dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus9. Domoic acid is a potent depolarising agent of spinal cord ventral root neurons67. The effects on the central nervous system correlate with the observed clinical syndrome.
A spatio-temporal analysis of marine diatom communities associated with pristine and aged plastics
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Olivier Laroche, Olga Pantos, Joanne M. Kingsbury, Anastasija Zaiko, Jessica Wallbank, Gavin Lear, Jacob Thompson-Laing, Francois Audrezet, Stefan Maday, Fraser Doake, Robert Abbel, Maxime Barbier, Hayden Masterton, Regis Risani, Dawn Smith, Beatrix Theobald, Louise Weaver, Xavier Pochon
Among the diatom species identified, nine were listed on the IOC-UNESCO taxonomic reference database of HAB, including eight species of Pseudo-nitzschia (P. calliantha, P. delicatissima, P. fraudulenta, P. galaxiae, P. granii, P. hasleana, P. multistriata and P. pungens), and F. japonica. Several of these Pseudo-nitzschia species (e.g. P. calliantha, P. delicatissima, P. galaxiae and P. multistriata) are known to produce domoic acid, a toxin involved in shellfish poisoning (Dermastia et al. 2022). Fibrocapsa japonica is a known ichthyotoxic, neurotoxin-producing diatom listed on the IOC-UNESCO taxonomic reference list of HAB (Pezzolesi et al. 2010) and which has had important adverse impacts on Japan’s mariculture (de Boer et al. 2004). Numerous studies have previously reported plastic debris as a vector of HABs, pathogens and invasive species (Masó et al. 2003; Keswani et al. 2016; Kirstein et al. 2016; Viršek et al. 2017; Dussud et al. 2018; Jacquin et al. 2019; Kettner et al. 2019; Amaral-Zettler et al. 2021; Audrézet et al. 2022, 2021). Here, the majority of HABs found on the plastics (8 out of 9) were also detected in the seawater samples. While their detection at each location highlights their potential threat on aquatic ecosystems, it remains unclear to what extent marine plastics may contribute to the dispersion and growth of these HAB species.
Box–Behnken design directed optimization for sensitivity assessment of anti-platelet drugs
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Guilherme et al. reported ESI parameters like cone voltage, source voltage, and drying gas as the critical variables, whereas cone voltage is the only critical APCI parameter for analyzing pesticides from orange matrix. The approach of optimization used was variable selection technique, which appeared to be more of an extension of OFAT [18]. Pardo et al. developed a sensitive method for extraction and analysis of domoic acid in shell fish. First, the right ion source among ESI, APCI, and atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) were identified. ESI was considered the best method based on better signal-to-noise ratio and lower limit of detection. Central composite design was used to optimize sheath gas pressure, capillary temperature, and spray voltage. In LC 8040, the parameters like NG, DLT, HBT, and DG are manually optimized till date. The significant parameters were ion source parameters that are optimized by DOE and have proven to be beneficial [18–23].
Quercetin attenuates domoic acid-induced cognitive deficits in mice
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2018
Dongmei Wang, Jianlong Zhao, Sanqiang Li, Guomin Shen, Shu Hu
Domoic acid (DA), a naturally occurring marine neurotoxin produced by members of the diatom genus Pseudonitzschia, generates unusually long-lasting (non-desensitizing) channel activation1 and strongly excites hippocampal neurons,2,3 some of which express high levels of kainate receptors.4 Several lines of evidence indicate that DA has been found to cause hippocampal neuron loss and damage in laboratory animals5–7 and in human patients during the Montreal DA incident,8,9 ultimately leading to memory loss and brain damage.10–12 Because the pathogenic process of cognitive deficits and brain damage induced by DA involves a complex cascade of events, the precise biological mechanisms underlying these effects still need to be explored. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play key roles in the pathogenesis of DA-induced cognitive deficits.13–16