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Systemic complications following vascular reconstruction
Published in Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad, Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
Srihari K. Lella, Mark F. Conrad
Acute respiratory failure can be caused by a problem with oxygenation that leads to hypoxemia, a problem with ventilation that leads to hypercapnia, or a combination of both. Management includes identification and correction of any underlying cause (e.g., pneumothorax, aspiration, airway occlusion). Hypoxemia is managed by increasing the positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and/or fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2). Improvement in minute ventilation by increasing the tidal volumes or respiratory rate will reduce the CO2 retention seen in hypercapnia. With the persistence of respiratory failure and a significant underlying systemic inflammatory response, the patient may develop ARDS.
Care of Critically Ill Patients with HIV
Published in Cheston B. Cunha, Burke A. Cunha, Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in Critical Care Medicine, 2020
Joseph Metmowlee Garland, Andrew Levinson, Edward Wing
Infectious reasons for acute respiratory failure include PCP, bacterial pneumonia, fungal pneumonia, and viral pneumonia. As in the general population, the most common pathogens for bacterial pneumonia in the United States and other developed countries in patients with HIV/AIDS are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenza, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Less common but still clinically important causes of pneumonia are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, Aspergillus spp., CMV, and influenza virus [22,69–71].
Diagnosis and management of critical illness in patients with interstitial lung disease
Published in Muhunthan Thillai, David R Moller, Keith C Meyer, Clinical Handbook of Interstitial Lung Disease, 2017
Critical illness in ILD is dominated by AE and other related co-morbidities including advanced PH, CAD, DVT/PE and infection. Large studies assessing current morbidity and mortality in those presenting with acute respiratory failure suggest efforts to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation with high-flow oxygen support, the administration of empiric antibiotics and exclusion of cardiac dysfunction and thromboembolic disease. As morbidity and mortality remain high for patients presenting with AE, early involvement of palliative care during and after critical illness is important in maximizing patient quality of life and clarifying expectations.
Anaplasmosis-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Published in Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 2022
Mikhail de Jesus, Amanda Lopez, Jevin Yabut, Stephanie Vu, Madhuri Manne, Lauren Ibrahim, Rahul Mutneja
Morbidity and mortality in patients with HLH continue to be very high. The incidence of shock ranges from 50% to 80%.6 The incidence of acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation varies from 58% to 100%.6 The incidence of acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy has been reported to be as high as 59%.6 Anaplasmosis rarely causes renal failure and is unlikely to have caused the renal failure in our patient.14 Therefore, physicians need to consider the diagnosis of HLH in hospitalized patients who worsen despite treatment for the purported diagnosis. This case report further supports Anaplasmosis as an etiology of secondary HLH. Anaplasmosis should be considered as a potential trigger in patients with HLH due to unknown etiology and in populations with a high incidence of tickborne disease.
Deciphering Vaccines for COVID-19: where do we stand today?
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2021
Tushar Baviskar, Dezaree Raut, Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
Pneumonia of unknown etiology was detected in a few patients in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The patients suffered from acute respiratory failure. The causative agent was identified as the novel coronavirus. The WHO named the virus as a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. The disease caused by this virus was named as a new coronavirus disease: COVID-19 [1]. The outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 [2,3]. According to the WHO dashboard, as on 13th September 2020, there were 28,329,790 confirmed cases globally with 911,877 deaths [4]. COVID-19 was declared as a global pandemic by WHO on 11th March 2020. The disease has a global impact affecting more than 200 nations. Though the outbreak of COVID-19 was in china; the USA, India, Brazil, Russia, and Peru are the 5 most severely affected nations [4]. COVID-19 spreads from person to person [5] and its major symptoms include; fever, difficulty in breathing, cough, body aches, headache, sore throat, loss of taste, or smell. The infected person may show mild to severe symptoms. Older adults and populations with preexisting medical conditions like diabetes or cardiac and lung disease are more vulnerable and may develop severe complications due to COVID-19 [6].
Disaster response in a civil war: Lessons on local hospitals capacity. The case of Yemen
Published in International Journal of Healthcare Management, 2021
Madiha Said Abdul-Razik, Abdullah Mubark Kaity, Nawal Saeed Banafaa, Ghada Wahby El-Hady
Contents of the Training Program:Assessment of seriously ill patient.Airway management.Diagnosis and management of acute respiratory failure.Mechanical ventilation.Trauma and burn management.Integrated traumatic brain injury.Diagnosis and management of shock.Critical care in pregnancy.Ethics in critical care medicines.