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Miscellaneous conditions affecting the genitalia
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
A urethral caruncle is a benign soft growth at the urethral opening in males and females. The condition is common in postmenopausal females and also occurs before puberty (when the growths are called urethral polyps), but is relatively uncommon in males.
Urinary Symptoms and Investigations
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
Hypospadias occurs when there is failure of the urethra to completely close on the ventral aspect and epispadias occurs when there is failure of closure on the dorsal surface. A urethral diverticulum in a female can be a cause for recurrent UTIs and is notable for its capacity to fill and empty at cystoscopy. A urethral caruncle is a minor prolapse of the urethral mucosa in a female and usually requires no treatment.
Examination C
Published in Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman, The New DRCOG Examination, 2017
Aalia Khan, Ramsey Jabbour, Almas Rehman
A urethral caruncle arises from the posterior wall of the urethra and is thought to be due to chronic infection of the paraurethral glands in the floor. They can be asymptomatic but commonly cause pain, bleeding or dysuria. Treatment is by excision/diathermy.
Pelvic floor dysfunction in midlife women
Published in Climacteric, 2019
Atrophic vulvar tissues are comparatively pale and thin. There is a loss of labial fat. In some women the labia appear stretched and redundant, and in others the labia alternatively appear shrunken. Hymenal remnants regress so that the hymen becomes ill-defined. In women without prolapse, the introitus is narrowed and retracted. Similarly, the urethra retracts toward the introitus. The external meatus can become edematous, friable, and ampullated, the so-called ‘urethral caruncle’. Like the vulva, the menopausal vaginal epithelium is pale and dry. It can appear shiny because it reflects light without the dulling effect of mucus. Petechial hemorrhage from tissue handling is often seen, especially after speculum opening. If there is no prolapse, the vaginal caliber and length are reduced and the vagina feels stiff when manipulated on manual examination or when a speculum is inserted. There is loss of cervical bulk so that it appears flush with the vault and the os is a pinpoint. The cervix may bleed when cervical cytology screening (‘Pap’ smear) is performed. Vaginal pH is a useful clinical tool to help align the symptoms of GSM with objective physical findings; the expected finding with atrophy is pH > 5.068.
A peri-urethral mass – what are the possible diagnoses?
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2018
With this presentation, there are a number of possible differential diagnoses including cystocele, skene gland abnormality, leiomyoma, ectopic caeco-ureterocele, urethral caruncle, gartner’s duct cyst and gartner’s duct abscess. Rarely, malignant lesions present as periurethral masses, including adeno-, squamous cell and transitional cell carcinoma, histiocytoma, and sarcoma, and very rarely cancers in urethral diverticula (Blaivas et al. 2004). On the contrast MRI, the mass was uniformally enhanced, which indicated it was solid in nature and raised the possibility of a leiomyoma.
Urethral diverticulum: A systematic review
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2019
Alyssa K. Greiman, Jennifer Rolef, Eric S. Rovner
The differential diagnosis of periurethral masses includes: vaginal wall cysts, leiomyoma, Skene gland abnormalities, Gartner’s duct abnormalities, urethral prolapse, and urethral caruncle in addition to UD. A thorough pelvic examination with palpation of the anterior vaginal wall for tenderness or discharge may not be sufficient in making a diagnosis. In such instances, and for operative planning, further cystoscopic and radiographic evaluation is warranted.