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Immunological Aspects
Published in Yamuna Deepani Siriwardana, Leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka, 2023
However, the first case of locally acquired visceral leishmaniasis that was identified in 2005 (published only later with long-term follow-up data in Siriwardana et al., 2017) prompted us to predict the possibility of visceralization at least in a proportion of cases. Therefore, later on with the availability of better infrastructure, more specific diagnostic tools were employed in screening for a humoral response. Analysis of cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis with rK39 assay revealed no evidence of positivity in the study group, further strengthening the localized nature of cutaneous leishmaniasis (Siriwardana et al., 2010). However, due to the genetically distinct nature of the local L. donovani variants, still unidentified antigenic differences at the genetics level leading to differential production or at the expression level leading to strong or weak assay positivity were possibilities. These were addressed by examination of local skin infection with locally developed tools.
Skin infections
Published in Rashmi Sarkar, Anupam Das, Sumit Sethi, Concise Dermatology, 2021
Shankila Mittal, Rashmi Sarkar
The skin surface and its adnexal structures harbor many commensal organisms, including Gram-positive cocci (Staphylococcus epidermidis, coagulase-negative staphylococci), Gram-positive lipophilic microaerophilic rods (Propionibacterium acnes), and a Gram-positive yeast-like organism (Malassezia furfur). However, under special conditions – e.g., excess sebum secretion, depressed immunity, and compromised stratum corneum barrier protection – they can cause disease. Additionally, various pathogenic microorganisms can cause skin infection, especially when the skin barrier is disrupted.
Infectious Diseases
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
Vas Novelli, Delane Shingadia, Huda Al-Ansari
Complications will develop in 5% of normal children, the most common being secondary bacterial infection. Severe complications, requiring hospital admission, are rarer and include secondary bacterial skin infection with sepsis, necrotising fasciitis, encephalitis and pneumonia. In untreated immunocompromised children, one-third of patients will develop disseminated disease, with a mortality of 7%. Varicella is responsible for 20–30 deaths per year in the UK.
Ferric-loaded lipid nanoparticles inducing ferroptosis-like cell death for antibacterial wound healing
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ying Zhou, Chong-Yang Cai, Cheng Wang, Guo-Ming Hu, Yu-Ting Li, Meng-Jiao Han, Shen Hu, Pu Cheng
Skin infection, characterized by the invasion of microbe to the skin layers and the related soft tissues, is commonly happens in all healthcare settings (Esposito et al., 2016). It was reported that there were over 2.3 million cases of skin infection between 2005 and 2010 in USA alone (Miller et al., 2015). Therefore, the burden and cost raised by skin infection, including ambulatory visits and hospitalizations, are substantial all over the world (Kaye et al., 2019). In recent decades, with the wide abuse of antibiotics across the globe, the emerging of super bacteria that can survive under the challenge of one or more antibiotics, is posing potential threat to human health and brings additional difficulties to the well management of skin infection (Romero et al., 2012; Bassetti et al., 2022). Therefore, there is an urgent need to find other ways to solve the acquired drug resistance of super bacteria to prevent potential pandemics.
Effect of leukocyte-platelet fibrin-rich wound reconstruction followed by full-thickness skin grafting in the treatment of diabetic foot Wagner grade 4 ulcer gangrene (toe area)
Published in Platelets, 2023
Yuqi Wang, Yanyan Wang, Xiaotao Wang, Yi Zhao, Siyuan Ruan, Hong Cao
All patients used drugs to control their blood sugar and were regularly checked for related indicators during hospitalization. The following general data of the patients were assessed: sex, age, wound size, blood sugar control and duration of diabetes. After debridement and skin grafting, antibiotics (first-generation cephalosporins) were used for 3 days to prevent infection, and if infection was diagnosed, sensitive antibiotics were used. After the initial treatment, the dressings were changed regularly to observe the wound condition. The time T1 from debridement to skin grafting was counted in the two groups, and the skin necrosis rate (partial and full), the rate of skin infection within 1 week after skin grafting, the probability of recurrence of ulceration after skin survival and the amputation rate during the follow-up period. Finally, we evaluated the quality of life (The medical outcomes study 36-item short from health survey, SF-36) and foot function (Maryland scale) of the two groups of patients before and after treatment. All follow-up results and assessment data were collected by a 3-person group. The team consisted of 1 burn wound surgeon, 1 micromanipulation orthopedic surgeons and 1 trauma orthopedic surgeons. All evaluators were not involved in the treatment grouping process and were blinded to the treatment regime during follow-up and evaluation.
Mycobacterium abscessus felon complicated with osteomyelitis: not an ordinary nail salon visit
Published in Acta Clinica Belgica, 2020
Jose Armando Gonzales Zamora, Abelardo Villar Astete
The most common extrapulmonary site affected by this organism is the skin. Cutaneous involvement can occur via dissemination in immunocompromised patients or from direct contact with contaminated material or water through traumatic injury, surgical wound, or environmental exposure [6]. Skin infection caused by M. abscessus has been reported in patients who recently underwent cosmetic procedures, tattooing, and acupuncture [6]. Cases occurring after footbaths have also been described [7,8]. In this regard, a systematic surveillance conducted in North Carolina from 2005 to 2008 identified 40 cases of pedicure associated nontuberculous mycobacterial furunculosis [3]. The responsible organisms primarily belonged to the Mycobacterium chelonae/abscessus group (91% of isolates), with only 6.3% identified as M. fortuitum. Suboptimal footbath cleaning in implicated salons contributed to these infections. In this review, a broad spectrum of disease was observed, ranging from a single plaque to multiple, nodular, and excoriated lesions in lower extremities. Although skin trauma produced by leg shaving has been associated to nontuberculous mycobacterial furunculosis, the authors of this review did not observe any practices in the salons that might have led to trauma to the legs. Another important finding of this study was the identification of many species of rapidly growing mycobacteria from tap water, footbath water, and pipe biofilms in all the salons. Suboptimal cleaning (visible debris and surface biofilms) was observed in 11 of 13 implicated salons [3].