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Linear hyperpigmentation
Published in Dimitris Rigopoulos, Alexander C. Katoulis, Hyperpigmentation, 2017
EN is an overgrowth of the epidermis arising from a defect in the ectoderm. It often presents at birth (50%) or develops during childhood (usually in the first year of life). Types of epidermal nevi include linear EN, epidermolytic EN, acantholytic EN, linear porokeratosis, systematized EN, and inflammatory linear verrucous EN (ILVEN).21
Principles of Clinical Diagnosis
Published in Susan Bayliss Mallory, Alanna Bree, Peggy Chern, Illustrated Manual of Pediatric Dermatology, 2005
Susan Bayliss Mallory, Alanna Bree, Peggy Chern
Verrucae Inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevusPsoriasis
A giant epidermal nevus of the face treated with a CO2 and dye laser combination: a case report and literature review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2021
Mario Sannino, Azzurra Gaia Ambrosio, Giuseppe Lodi, Giovanni Cannarozzo, Luigi Bennardo, Steven Paul Nisticò
A French group conducted a retrospective study in which they evaluated the use of various laser devices in 70 patients with epidermal or sebaceous nevi. While EN showed satisfactory results in most cases, sebaceous nevi showed a strong tendency to relapse and develop scars after treatment (5). The same group reported a clinical case of inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN) treated with a 2940 nm erbium (Er Yag) fractional laser with an excellent esthetic result. Partial relapse was observed after 6 months of follow-up (6).
Successful treatment of verrucous epidermal nevus with fractional micro-plasma radio-frequency technology and photodynamic therapy
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2018
Xinyao Zheng, Sijin He, Qian Li, Pingjiao Chen, Kai Han, Menglei Wang, Jia Guo, Menghua Zhu, Kang Zeng
Treatment of VEN has been a persistent medical problem; there is no effective and established treatments till date. Kim T I (2) argued that surgical excision is the most reliable treatment, but it might lead to scaring. In contrast, Lapidoth M (3) found that cryotherapy is the ideal treatment for small facial VEN, while ablation by a CO2 laser should be considered for resistant facile lesions. Lee H (4) considered that erbium YAG laser therapy is a safe, simple, and effective treatment option for VEN. Osman MAR (5) compared and evaluated the efficacy and side effects of pulsed CO2 laser and erbium YAG laser for the treatment of VEN; in both cases, the patients showed similar responses to treatment, and satisfaction; and faced similar side effects and complications. Furthermore, Lee H E (6) reported that fractional CO2 laser is an easy and effective technique to ablate large lesions, and subsequent treatment with PDT may help reduce scaring. Huang Z (7) found that the application of CO2 laser in the treatment of oral mucosal VEN had the advantage of reduced bleeding. In addition, Gianfaldoni (1) reported on a girl diagnosed with inflammatory linear VEN (ILVEN), who had been successfully treated using CO2 laser therapy. Kim T I (2), Sim J H (8), and In S I (9) reported that the PDT had substantial advantages in treating VEN. It is less painful, results in less scaring, and can be used to treat widespread areas. Parera E (10) reported that the PDT also treated ILVEN successfully. The advantages and disadvantages of different treatments are listed in Table 1. Thus far, to the best of our knowledge, no reports on the use of fractional micro-plasma RF technology for the treatment of VEN have been presented; in addition, there have been no reports on the use of fractional micro-plasma RF technology in combination with the PDT to treat VEN, which was used to successfully treat our patient. We believe that this treatment modality worked for the following reasons. The fractional micro-plasma RF technology was developed as a minimally ablative fractional technology, which uses unipolar RF technology to provoke plasma (a gas-like state in which a portion of the molecules are ionized) sparks, creating multiple controlled micro-perforations on the skin. As plasma is sensitive to electromagnetic fields, the RF current triggers micro-sparks in the plasma between the skin surface and the electrode spicules. The sparks cause mild epidermal ablation and perforate the dermis superficially to form micro-channels, leading to high temperatures in minute foci. Subsequently, photosensitizers will gather within the nidus better through the micro-channels and create more reactive oxygen species to kill cells. In addition, the high temperature will bolster the effect of the PDT, further enhancing its effect. The fractional micro-plasma RF technology will warm the collagenous fibers in dermis in case of a scar, while the PDT rejuvenates the epidermis and dermis simultaneously; therefore, the combination of fractional micro-plasma RF technology and PDT will not only treat VEN successfully, but also avoid side effects, including scaring and hyperpigmentation.