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The Medicolegal Autopsy
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
Abrasions (commonly known as scrapes) arise from impact, causing tangential or compressive force with friction and removal of the epidermis or epidermis with dermis. An abrasion may be linear (scratch), broad (road rash, brush burn), elongate/oblong (graze), impact (imprint of object), stretch, or postmortem (Figure 7.16). It may take on the shape of the object that produced it (patterned injury). Recent abrasions appear red, red-brown, or tan, with or without bleeding or oozing of a reddish sticky serum. With healing, a brown scab (eschar) will form and eventually fall off, leaving no trace of injury, a light (hypopigmented) scar, or a dark (hyperpigmented) scar. Graze abrasions deserve special mention since they may represent impact from a bullet skimming across the surface of the skin, creating a superficial elongated oblong injury (Figure 7.17A). A special type of graze abrasion is the tangential abrasion, which is a slightly deeper form of a graze abrasion with the addition of angled tags of skin that point in the direction from which the bullet came (Figure 7.17B). Sometimes abrasions will have heaped-up skin at one edge, which may give clues as to the direction from which the impact originated. Postmortem abrasions are typically yellow to yellow-orange with a parched appearance. Abrasions, initially faint or invisible, may become even more apparent after the skin has been allowed to dry further. Abrasions often harden and appear darker after a period time of being exposed to air.
Scalp, facial and gunshot injuries
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
A pure abrasion is an injury involving only the epidermis. Abrasions heal without scarring. An abrasion may result from a tangential movement of skin in comparison with an abrading material, or by direct imprint. In the head and face, abrasions commonly occur when a person falls. When a person falls forwards, the prominent areas of the face will be injured if the person is unable to break the fall (Figure 6.2). Falls on to the back of the head may result in occipital or parieto-occipital region abrasions, along with bruising or lacerations (Figure 6.3). Scuffed kicks may abrade the skin. Where there is a significant tangential movement of skin against an abrading surface, the direction of movement can be determined by the position of the skin tags in the abrasion. Imprint abrasions are seen when a patterned object impacts on skin. A typical example is a ligature mark. Abrasions, as well as bruises and lacerations, may be seen when a spectacle wearer is struck in the face. If such injuries are seen on the bridge of the nose, or around the eyes, the possibility of the victim wearing spectacles should be considered, because this information is not always immediately available (Figure 6.4). Abrasions may be inflicted after death, when they appear yellow, particularly during post-mortem movement of the body. Abrading-type injuries may be seen around the mouth when gastric acid from vomitus has spilt around it (Figure 6.5).
Corneal Defects, Abrasions and Foreign Bodies
Published in Amy-lee Shirodkar, Gwyn Samuel Williams, Bushra Thajudeen, Practical Emergency Ophthalmology Handbook, 2019
In cases of mechanical trauma the mode of injury needs to be elicited from the history, remembering that high impact injuries carry a risk of penetrating globe damage. Abrasions are a one off event but the initial trauma (especially fingertip or sharp paper cut injuries) can lead to recurrent erosions, a syndrome whereby recurrent abrasions occur due to irregularity of healed epithelium and weakened adherence to its basement membrane. Recurrent corneal erosion syndrome can present many years after the initial trauma. Recurrent erosions occasionally occur in the presence of a corneal dystrophy, where irregularity of the epithelium, due to abnormal deposits in the cornea, are to blame. Patients usually experience intense pain, foreign body sensation and photophobia on waking, as the weak corneal epithelium is torn off as the eyelid opens up, having adhered to it as the cornea naturally dries overnight.
Consumer Product-Related Pediatric Eye Injuries Treated in United States Emergency Departments
Published in Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 2023
Tiffany Chen, Sandhya Kistamgari, Gary A. Smith
Each year, an estimated 2.4 million eye injuries occur in the United States,1 and about 35% of these eye injuries are experienced by children <18 years old.2 Children are disproportionately affected by eye injuries due to decreased ability to detect risks in their surrounding environment, immature physical coordination, and vulnerable facial morphology.3 They often experience worse outcomes than adults after injury because disrupted visual development or visual disability can result in developmental delays and impact children’s personal, social, and economic futures. In 2002, there were about 262,000 consumer product-related eye injuries treated in US hospital emergency departments (EDs) among individuals of all ages.2 In the pediatric population, chemicals and sports-related products are among the most frequent causes of consumer product-related eye injuries.4–6 The most common diagnoses are contusions and abrasions.4–8 Many studies report that a majority of eye injuries occur at home and to males.4,5,7,9 However, it is difficult to make other comparisons among existing studies, because they have varying categorizations of consumer products9,10 and some focus on specific consumer product groups only.11,12 As a result, it is unclear how trends in eye injuries have evolved over time.
Prevention of stone retropulsion during ureteroscopy: Limitations in resources invites revival of old techniques
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2020
Tarek K. Fathelbab, Amr M. Abdelhamid, Ahmed Z.M. Anwar, Ehab M. Galal, Mamdouh M. El-Hawy, Ahmed H. Abdelgawad, Ehab R. Tawfiek
It is known that the Stone Cone specifically acts as a ‘backstop’ and cannot be used for stone removal. Therefore, fragments of <3 mm may escape and this could explain the higher frequency of stone fragments in Group 1 of our present study. The majority of complications during ureteroscopy are minor with reported rates of 0–15.4% [17]. Ureteric perforation and avulsion are major concerns that should be avoided. In the present study, there was minor mucosal abrasion in nine (12.5%) cases in Group 1 and 12 (13.9%) in Group 2, with no reported major ureteric injuries, documented by retrograde pyelography performed at the end of the manoeuvre. Shabana et al. [16] reported overall ureteric injuries in 9.2% of cases with ureteric perforation occurring in six (1.4%). Conversely, Desai et al. [18] observed minor mucosal abrasion in five (10%) cases, with no major complications.
Desirability function approach for development of a thermosensitive and bioadhesive nanotransfersome–hydrogel hybrid system for enhanced skin bioavailability and antibacterial activity of cephalexin
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Sara Salatin, Mitra Jelvehgari
Skin cuts and abrasions are susceptible to infections and it is important to eradicate infection as rapidly as possible to reduce healing time and morbidity rate. S. aureus is the most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections and usually causes superficial lesions and localized abscesses in human skin [4,35]. Cephalexin has been suggested as a potent antibacterial agent against S. aureus. Taking into account the problem of multidrug resistance, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have become increasingly resistant to the conventional antibiotics. Therefore, there is a need to design and develop more efficient antibacterial agents or drug carriers that can fight strains of multidrug resistant bacteria. Here, we encapsulated cephalexin into the NTs to transfer the drug-associated into the deeper layers of skin.