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Commensal Flora
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Poor dental hygiene is a risk factor for periodontitis involving bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans has been linked to highly aggressive periodontitis. Transient bacterial translocation from oropharynx into the bloodstream is common. Poor dental hygiene and dental procedures are known contributors. Although often asymptomatic, in the presence of an abnormal heart valve, such bacteraemia can cause endocarditis. Common causes of endocarditis are viridans streptococci and bacteria from the HACEK group, all of which are part of the oropharyngeal commensal flora.
Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2019
Swaroop S. Kumar, Sabu Abdulhameed
Various bacterial species excluding Bacillus sp. and Streptomyces sp. are also reported to produce fibrinolytic enzymes although those two genera contribute most of the fibrinolytic enzymes discovered so far. A 63.3 kDa serine protease was isolated from Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3 named PPFE-I. It was found dissolving Aα-chain of fibrinogen quickly and subsequently Bβ-chain and followed by γ-chain during fibrinogenolysis (Lu et al., 2010). Paenibacillus sp. IND8 is also known to produce fibrinolytic enzyme (Vijayaraghavan and Vincent, 2016a). A 50 kDa metalloprotease with thrombolytic effect was reported from Serratia sp. RSPB11 and Serratia sp. KG-2-1 (Lakshmi and Prakasham, 2013; Taneja et al., 2017). Another fibrinolytic enzyme producer is Shewanella sp. IND20 which contributed a 55.5 kDa thrombolytic enzyme (Vijayaraghavan and Vincent, 2015). Psuedoalteromonas sp. IND11 yielded a 64 kDa protease which acted as plasminogen activator and disintegrated blood clot directly (Vijayaraghavan et al., 2015). Treponema denticola also reported with thrombolytic enzyme production (Rosen et al., 1994). Fibrinolytic enzyme from Proteus penneri showed higher affinity towards α-chain followed by β-chain, showing lower affinity towards γ-chain. It leaves partially hydrolyzed γ-chain after fibrinolysis (Jhample et al., 2015). Nattokinase enzyme production was reported from Pseudomonas sp. TKU015 with molecular weight of 24 kDa as determined by gel filtration chromatography (Wang et al., 2009). Bacterial fibrinolytic enzymes other than those from Bacillus sp. and actinomycetes are shown in Table 4.7.
The Role of Dentistry in Cardiovascular Health and General Well-Being
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2015
Patients are often unaware that they have periodontal disease. Therefore, to detect a problem at the earliest stage, it is very important to maintain regular dental visits. As part of an initial examination, I do a periodontal probing around every tooth. If I find a pocket of more than 3 mm deep, I suspect that bone has been lost; however, this is just historical information. How do I know if the pocket is actively infected and if the infectious process is ongoing? Bleeding on probing is one indication that this may be occurring. However, I find that the best way to make this determination is by viewing a plaque sample. Plaque is the sticky substance that you feel on your teeth at the end of the day. A sample can be gathered or taken from under the gum as well as from a pocket. This sample is then placed on a glass slide in a solution similar to saliva, and a coverslip is placed over it. Using a phase-contrast microscope, I can view the sample at a magnification of 400×. A healthy slide will have certain types of bacteria, but not a lot of “activity,” whereas an unhealthy slide will be characterized by a lot of activity, lots of white blood cells, spirochetes, and, usually, amoebas. An amoeba is a parasite, and a spirochete is a snake-like bacteria. The spirochete associated with periodontal disease is called Treponema denticola. The specific amoeba associated with periodontal disease is called Entamoeba gingivalis. T. denticola and E. gingivalis are not seen in a healthy mouth. An unhealthy slide sample taken from a pocket would indicate an ongoing infection in that pocket. A healthy slide sample taken from a pocket would indicate that there had previously been a problem, but that it was presently quiescent. No pockets, but a microladen slide, tells me that a person may be at risk, at some point in the future, for periodontal disease and possibly other problems. As you can see, the use of a phase-contrast microscope in the dental office is very important.
Investigation of the potential regulator proteins associated with the expression of major surface protein and dentilisin in Treponema denticola
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Yuki Arai, Yuichiro Kikuchi, Kazuko Okamoto-Shibayama, Eitoyo Kokubu, Seikou Shintani, Kazuyuki Ishihara
Chronic periodontitis is an infectious disease that leads to the destruction of the periodontal tissues and represents a major cause of tooth loss in adults [1]. Dysbiosis in the subgingival microbiome is a major cause of periodontitis [2]. Along with Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, the prevalence of Treponema denticola reportedly increases in the subgingival microbiome during the dysbiotic shift associated with the development of chronic periodontitis [3,4]. This shift is believed to play an important role in the onset and progression of the disease [5]. Further, T. denticola was also detected in lesions of apical periodontitis [6]. These reports suggest that T. denticola is involved in the dysbiotic shift of the microbiome at the site of inflammation. In addition, T. denticola was also detected in systemic diseases such as atherosclerotic lesions [7].
Potential Treponema denticola-based periodontal vaccine to resolve a global public health challenge: a narrative literature review
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Navid Mirmohammadsadegh, Neshaut Mashreghi Mohammadi, Mohsen Amin
Key studies on the pathogenesis of Treponema denticola date back to early 1990s. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive literature review to summarize published studies in English during the period of 1990–2021. The search strategy used for Medline (PubMed) and Scopus included the combinations of the following keywords using ‘AND’: ‘periodontitis,’ ‘periodontal disease,’ ‘periodontal pathogen,’ ‘periodontal vaccine,’ ‘Treponema denticola,’ ‘pathogenesis,’ ‘Porphyromonas gingivalis,’ ‘animal model,’ ‘Toll-like receptors,’ ‘major outer sheath protein,’ ‘Factor H binding protein B,’ ‘systemic diseases,’ ‘cost-effectiveness,’ ‘dentilisin,’ ‘immune system,’ ‘inflammation,’ ‘complement,’ ‘biofilm’ and ‘virulence factors.’ Document selection, data extraction and reporting was performed using research articles, review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses and book chapters. Information from the documents was gathered in four stages: identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion. All the documents were first identified based on the search methodology and the keywords mentioned above. Then, the identified documents were screened based on their titles and abstracts to remove duplicates and to determine their eligibility for inclusion in this review. The eligible documents were then further evaluated based on a review of the full-text publication. Relevant information from each eligible article was extracted. After data extraction, a quality check of all the extracted data was conducted by the authors in an independent process. The extracted and quality-checked data were compiled from eligible documents and calssified into the following categories: Periodontitis as a predisposing factor for other diseases, role of Treponema denticola in periodontal diseases, Treponema denticola and host immune responses, periodontitis animal models and cost-effectiveness of periodontal vaccine. We reduced the risk of bias in our understanding of the literature by assigning the whole process of document selection to each independent author. The authors did not perform data selection or exclusion of contradictory studies to present a clear image of the subject to the audience. This review faced some limitations as the authors did not have access to unpublished data of vaccine manufacturers or other researchers. Furthermore, articles or book chapters in languages other than English were not included in this review. The authors did not include the data from dissertations in any languages.