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Individualized Prevention
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
Lars Granath, William D. McHugh
Bleeding on probing is one component of the Gingival Index which has been found to be a relatively consistent indicator of gingivitis. A blunt periodontal probe is inserted to the bottom of the clinical sulcus or pocket and moved gently along its base, with the probe held approximately parallel to the long axis of the tooth. The probe is then removed and, if bleeding is seen within 10 sec a positive score is given. These scores are used as a Gingival Bleeding Index3 and this method can be used to identify areas of inflammation at the time of initial evaluation, and repeated measurements over time reveal changes in the extent of disease and the response to therapy. Measurement of gingival exudate is another relatively objective means of assessing gingival inflammation and, although not generally utilized as a routine procedure, this approach does have its advocates.31 It is simplified by use of an instrument which directly measures the amount of fluid taken up by filter paper strips.
Benign Oral and Dental Disease
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Konrad S. Staines, Alexander Crighton
The gingivae and the periodontium may become inflamed secondary to a variety of pathological causes ranging from autoimmune to infectious causes (Figure 42.1). The generic terms gingivitis and periodontitis are usually applied to plaque-related inflammation of these tissues. The aetiology of chronic adult periodontal disease is multi-factorial, involving interaction between dental plaque, genetic and environmental risk factors. Dental plaque differing in microbial composition, forms above (supra-) and below (sub-) the gingival margin. Periodontitis develops when the plaque-related gingivitis results in an increase in depth of the gingival sulcus by mechanisms involving apical migration of the gingival attachment to the tooth root surface, loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone loss. Examples of clinical parameters used by dental surgeons to assess periodontal disease include placing a periodontal probe in the gingival sulcus, measuring pocket depth which allows an indication of periodontal attachment loss. Bleeding on placement of the periodontal probe tip into the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket reflects the presence of active gingival inflammation (Table 42.2). There has been significant research into the aetiology and association between periodontal disease and systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and atherosclerotic vascular disease.
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Diagnostic methods employed in dental care include visual examination, dental radiographs, and periodontal probe, the clinical assessment of connective tissue destruction. An odontoscope is an optical device used to project the oral cavity onto a screen for multiple viewing. Iodine-125 (125I) absorptiometry involves analysis of periodontal bone mass changes using a low-energy gamma beam originating from a radioactive source of iodine. Photodensitometric analysis technique is based on absorption of a beam of light by radiographic film. Computer-assisted subtraction radiography utilizes subsequent radiographs to show differences in relative densities. Nuclear medicine techniques are utilized to predict subsequent bone changes and provide a measure of disease activity. Exfoliative cytology, darkfield contrast microscopy, and immunofluorescence microscopy are microbiologic assays utilized in diagnosis of periodontal disease. Latex agglutination is an immunologic assay based on the binding of protein to latex used to detect periodontal pathogens.
Association between periodontal condition and blood pressure is confounded by smoking
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Emilia Ollikainen, Tuomas Saxlin, Tellervo Tervonen, Anna Liisa Suominen, Matti Knuuttila, Antti Jula, Pekka Ylöstalo
In the oral examination, periodontal pocket depth measurements were carried out by five calibrated dentists using a WHO periodontal probe with a probing force of 20 g (calibrated by using a letter scale). The measurements were made in millimetres on four surfaces of each tooth—except third molars and radices—in the following order: distobuccal, mid-buccal, mid-oral and mesio-oral. Only the depth of the deepest pocket for each tooth was recorded as follows: no deepened periodontal pocket, periodontal pocket 4–5 mm deep and periodontal pocket 6 mm deep or deeper. The agreement between the examiners and the reference examiner in measuring periodontal pocket depth was 77% (κ 0.41). Intra-examiner reliability assessments of periodontal pockets produced a κ value of 0.83 [20]. For the analyses, the categories ‘periodontal pocket 4–5 mm deep’ and ‘periodontal pocket 6 mm deep or deeper’ were combined, resulting in a variable coined ‘the number of teeth with ≥4 mm periodontal pockets’ [21]. This was used in the analyses as a continuous variable.
Gingival bleeding and pocket depth among smokers and the related changes after short-term smoking cessation
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Swati Mittal, Maki Komiyama, Yuka Ozaki, Hajime Yamakage, Noriko Satoh-Asahara, Akihiro Yasoda, Hiromichi Wada, Masafumi Funamoto, Kana Shimizu, Yusuke Miyazaki, Yasufumi Katanasaka, Yoichi Sunagawa, Tatsuya Morimoto, Yuko Takahashi, Takeo Nakayama, Koji Hasegawa
Clinical examination of the oral cavity was conducted by using a mouth mirror and a calibrated periodontal probe. A single experienced dentist recorded all the clinical parameters throughout the study, using the same instruments. The measurements were performed to the nearest millimetre for all teeth, except for the third molars, at six sites of every present tooth (i.e. mesiobuccal, mid-buccal, and distobuccal, mesiolingual, mid-lingual, and distolingual). The periodontal pocket depth was classified into three categories: Grade 0, pocket depth of 0–3 mm; Grade 1, pocket depth of 4–5 mm; and Grade 2, pocket depth of >6 mm. Bleeding on probing (BOP) was a dichotomous variable (i.e. present or absent). A calibrated periodontal probe was used to measure the depth and determine the configuration of the periodontal pocket [9]. Gentle probing can be attained by running a probe around the teeth in the first 2 mm of the sulcus without applying any force apically. The WHO perio probe made by the Japanese company YDM Corporation was used to assess the periodontal status of individual patients, with the recommended probing force of 20–25 g to assess the periodontal status of each patient [10].
Evaluation of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme levels in women patients with chronic periodontitis
Published in Health Care for Women International, 2022
Amir Reza Ahmadinia, Mina Pakkhesal, Mohammad Ali Vakili
After data collection on the demographic characteristics, a dentist performed the periodontal examination using a Williams periodontal probe. The periodontal clinical parameters including periodontal pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment lose (CAL), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were assessed in the all of the participants. Inflammatory condition of the gingiva was evaluated by the Loe & Silness Gingival Index (Silness & Loe, 1964). Also, O’Leary method was used to examine the plaque index (O’Leary et al., 1972) . The presence of microbial plaque on four surfaces of each tooth was examined using plaque detector solution (Dharma Research, FL, USA), and plaque index was calculated by dividing the number of plaque-containing surfaces by the total number of examined surfaces (O’Leary et al., 1972). PPD and CAL were measured at six surfaces of all teeth (mesiobuccal, middle buccal, distobuccal, mesiolingual, mid-lingual and distolingual) except the third molar. The diagnostic criteria for periodontitis was presence of CAL ≥ 3 or PPD ≥ 4 mm at one or more surfaces of ≥ 4 teeth (Wood et al., 2003).