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Grains
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Hunger and possibly nutritional deficiencies drove slave children and adults to eat soil, a practice known as geophagy. Nutritional shortfalls were acute when cane juice was the lone edible, stated Chapter 11. Deprivation emaciated slaves. Examination of 101 skeletons revealed abnormal growths on teeth roots, known as hypercementosis, which Handler and Corruccini attributed to undernutrition.171 Hypoplasia was severe in teeth from skeletons aged about 3 or 4 years, implying starvation after weaning. Malocclusion (misaligned teeth) confirmed undernourishment’s magnitude.
Experimental Stomatology
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
Fahmy et al.135 elicited the effects of hypervitaminosis D on the hamster periodontium. Excess vitamin D has been reported to produce a variety of modifications in the human oral tissues. Rampant dental caries, malocclusion, rarefaction of molar roots, and thinning of enamel, dentin, and alveolar bone have been found in children with hypervitaminosis D. In rats, this condition produces decreased incisor tooth growth, pulp stones, hypercementosis, ankylosis due to thickened cementoid, alterations in pulpal dentin, hemorrhage into the periodontal membrane, and atrophy of the enamel organ. In dogs, the manifestations include decreased jaw size, sclerosis of the jaws, and calcified deposits in the periodontal membrane and free gingiva.
Cysts and Tumours of the Bony Facial Skeleton
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Julia A. Woolgar, Gillian L. Hall
This occurs mainly in older adults and many cases are subclinical.30, 34 Skull involvement is common and often associated with jaw lesions (mainly maxillary). Presentation includes bone pain and deformity, spacing of teeth, difficulty with dentures, and motor/sensory deficit due to cranial nerve compression. In early lesions, increased bone vascularity results in post-extraction haemorrhage. Hypercementosis and ankylosis, common in later stages, make for traumatic extractions, thus exacerbating poor healing due to late-stage ischaemia. Radiographically, lesions are ill-defined, initially osteoporotic, gradually becoming osteosclerotic (‘cotton-wool patches’). Histologically,34 osteoclastic activity dominates early lesions. Resorbed bone is replaced by vascular, cellular fibrous tissue. Gradually, trabeculae of new bone are deposited and remodelled with prominent resting and reversal lines (mosaic bone). Serum alkaline phosphatase is raised in active disease and useful in monitoring treatment.34
Anaesthetic efficacy of 2% lidocaine with different concentrations of epinephrine (1:80,000 and 1:200,000) in intraligamentary injection after a failed primary inferior alveolar nerve block: a randomized double-blind study
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2020
Vivek Aggarwal, Mamta Singla, Masoud Saatchi, Mukesh Hasija
The name of the technique (intraligamentary) may be a misnomer [2,14]. The anaesthetic solution is deposited in the coronal portion of the periodontal space, however, it does not force down till the root apex. The solution is redirected, under force, to the surrounding cancellous bone through the natural perforations in the alveolar socket wall [14]. Smith and Walton [14] used a dog model to evaluate the distribution of the anaesthetic solution after an intraligamentary injection. The authors injected colloidal carbon particles in the periodontal space and authors reported that the injected material was found in the soft tissue and the adjacent hard structures. The distribution was consistently more widespread when the injections were given under strong backpressure. The authors finally concluded that intraligamentary injections are a form of intraosseous injections [14]. Since the injections are administered under strong back pressure, it can lead to an increase in the interstitial pressure inside the periodontal space. A study evaluated the change in the interstitial tissue pressure during the administration of local anaesthesia using a fixed flow rate of 0.005 mL/sec injected via a fluid-pressure computed controlled local anaesthetic delivery system [24]. The mean interstitial pressure during intraligamentary injections was 294 psi compared to 68, 11.5 and 9.8 psi for palatal injections, supraperiosteal buccal infiltrations, and inferior alveolar nerve block respectively. Some authors have raised their concerns on the deleterious effects of strong back pressure on the periodontal ligament. Roahen and Marshall [25] utilized a dog model to histologically assess the effect of intraligamentary injections on the pulp and the periodontal tissues. The results showed no apparent effect on the pulp tissue from the injection. However, the periodontal ligament in several cases showed some signs of injections, ranging from tissue disruption to some areas of active external root resorption. Peterson et al. [26] in a similar study on monkeys reported that in 3 out of 16 cases showed some changes in the root cementum approximately at the level of needle tip penetration. Out of 3 cases, 2 cases had areas of cementum resorption. The authors noted that the areas of resorption were shallow with indications of repair. The third case, however, showed areas of hypercementosis. The authors hypothesized that the three factors may induce tissue damage during an intraligamentary injection: 1, mechanical trauma from the injection needle; 2, increased interstitial pressure during the injection and; 3, the caustic effect of the anaesthetic solution. Another histological study reported limited supraosseous inflammation 24 h after the intraligamentary injections. The periodontal ligament appeared to be within normal limits after 7 days [27]. In the present study, the patients were recalled after 48 hrs. None of the patients reported any tenderness or labial swelling due to intraligamentary injections.