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Hierarchical Modeling and Aggregation
Published in Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine, Bayesian Applications in Environmental and Ecological Studies with R and Stan, 2023
Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine
Fluoride can help reduce dental caries. As a result, some U.S. cities started adding fluoride to community drinking water in the 1940s. In the 1960s, the U.S. government recommended fluoridation of drinking water to prevent tooth decay. Currently, the U.S. Public Health Service has recommended a concentration of 0.7 mg/L in drinking water. Long-term exposure to high levels of fluoride, however, can cause a condition called skeletal fluorosis, the buildup of fluoride in the bones. This can eventually result in joint stiffness and pain, and can also lead to weak bones or fractures in older adults. As a result, government agencies and health organizations established legal or recommended limits for fluoride in drinking water. For example, EPA set a legally enforceable MCL at 4 mg/L and a secondary (recommended) MCL at 2 mg/L to help protect children (under the age of 9) from dental fluorosis (fluoride build-up in developing teeth, preventing tooth enamel from forming normally); the World Health Organization has a fluoride guideline of 1.5 mg/L in drinking water [U.S. EPA, 2016a].
Community-Based Methods for Preventing Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease
Published in Lars Granath, William D. McHugh, Systematized Prevention of Oral Disease: Theory and Practice, 2019
Water fluoridation is the upward adjustment of the fluoride concentration of a community’s central water supply to the optimum level for the prevention of tooth decay. Fluoride received through drinking water confers benefits both systemically and topically, and so benefits both children and adults.
Promoting a healthy diet and physical activity for children and young people -the evidence
Published in Ruth Chambers, Kirsty Licence, AI Aynsley-Green, Looking after Children in Primary Care, 2018
The most effective dietary intervention for improving oral health is the use of fluoride, either in toothpaste29 or in water.30 Fluoride supplements used in schools or at home have not proved effective.31 School-based educational programmes that have included daily brushing with fluoride toothpaste have not been effective.16 Water fluoridation is the most effective way of delivering the benefits of fluoride to the most deprived children, who are most at risk of tooth decay.
A systematic review on fluoride-induced epigenetic toxicity in mammals
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Satheeswaran Balasubramanian, Ekambaram Perumal
Fluoride is one of the global groundwater contaminants affecting about 200 million people in around 35 countries (Gupta and Ayoob 2016). Humans are consistently exposed to fluoride from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Increases in these activities might cause fluoride pollution in the groundwater of several fluoride-endemic European, African, and Asian countries (Paudyal et al. 2017; Singh et al. 2018). In many countries, fluoride is added to drinking water (fluoridation) to prevent dental carries, with some reports suggesting their role in bone development (Guan 2021). However, countries like China and India are affected by the high levels of fluoride, with places reaching 2800 mg/l (a natural occurrence) to 10,000 ppm (Bagastyo et al. 2017). Various countries have a permissible limit of 1–1.5 mg/l (ppm) of fluoride and prolonged exposure to fluoride has been shown to cause dental and skeletal fluorosis (Kashyap et al. 2021). In addition, fluoride has also been reported to affect other organs, including the heart, brain, and kidneys (Zuo et al. 2018). The molecular mechanism of fluoride toxicity has been studied extensively and numerous remedial measures, including defluoridation and mitigating fluoride toxicity, are being explored. While most of the studies focus on the genetic aspect of toxicity, fluoride-induced epigenetic alterations remain uncharted.
Vitamin C and E supplementation can ameliorate NaF mediated testicular and spermatozoal DNA damages in adult Wistar rats
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Priyankar Pal, Ayan De, Tarit Roychowdhury, Prabir Kumar Mukhopadhyay
Fluoride, the ionic form of fluorine is a non-metallic, electronegative halogen and ubiquitously exists in biosphere. Apart from natural sources, several anthropogenic activities like water fluoridation, industrialisation, use of fluoride containing dental products and pesticides also cause environmental contamination with fluoride (Cengeloglu et al.2002). The major sources through which humans are exposed to fluoride are fluoridated dental products and contaminated water (Zuo et al.2018). After ingestion, fluoride is rapidly absorbed through stomach and small intestine via pH dependent and pH independent manners respectively, followed by distribution in skeletal and non skeletal tissues, and eventually the rest is excreted through urine (Palmer and Gilbert 2012). As per the World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline the permissible range of fluoride in drinking water is 0.5–1.5 ppm (WHO 2011).
Antimicrobial peptide GH12 targets Streptococcus mutans to arrest caries development in rats
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2019
Yufei Wang, Yuhao Zeng, Yuanjing Wang, Haoran Li, Sihan Yu, Wentao Jiang, Yingxue Li, Linglin Zhang
As a traditional anticaries agent, fluoride is a highly effective and economical agent for dental caries prevention and will remain the mainstay of any caries-preventive programme, typically water fluoridation [8]. It has also been found that toothbrushing with fluoride-containing toothpaste is effective in preventing caries mainly because it brings fluoride into the oral cavity at regular intervals [9]. Apart from its major tooth protective property of arresting the demineralization of dental hard tissue and enhancing the remineralization process, fluoride can also affect bacterial growth and microbial metabolic activity by the inhibition of enolase and F-ATPase at high concentrations [10]. However, there is debate concerning the fluoride levels in drinking water because of fluorosis and other health risks [11,12]. Given all these facts, other anticaries agents should be adequately studied.