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Seaweed as Source of Plant Growth Promoters and Bio-Fertilizers
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Sananda Mondal, Debasish Panda
The polyamines are a group of compounds that act a s plant growth regulators but are not classified as plant hormones. These are a class of compounds which have several amino groups replacing hydrogen usually in alkyl chain, e.g. putrescine, spermidine and spermine. Polyamines are known to have a significant effect on the stability of various conformational states of RNA and DNA and are often associated with important phases in the cell division cycle. They also impart membrane stability to different cellular membranes. Several polyamines have been determined in the unicellular thermoacidophilic red alga, Cyanidium caldarium (Hamana et al., 1990). As polyamines affect a wide range of physiological growth processes, the occurrence of these compounds in seaweed products could influence plant growth. At present they have not been recorded in commercial seaweed products.
The Effects of Synthetic Phosphonates on Living Systems
Published in Richard L. Hilderbrand, The Role of Phosphonates in Living Systems, 2018
The herbicides and plant growth regulators, while their mechanisms of action are not welldefined, will also be presented in this chapter. The distinctive feature of the compounds presented in this chapter is that they are exclusively “synthetic” and are not normally anabolized by biological systems, although they may undergo catabolism.
Melatonin and Serotonin in Plant Morphogenesis and Development
Published in Akula Ramakrishna, Victoria V. Roshchina, Neurotransmitters in Plants, 2018
Lauren A.E. Erland, Praveen K. Saxena
As compared with other organisms, plants are unique in that their cells possess the potential for indeterminate growth. This is due to the capacity for differentiation, de-differentiation or re-differentiation of post-embryonic cells, a process referred to as totipotency. A strict balance of plant growth regulating substances and their associated signaling pathways govern the expression of totipotency and subsequent growth and development of tissues and organs. Auxins and cytokinins were the first classes of plant growth regulators that were identified as important in determining the morphogenetic outcomes of plant cells, exerting their effects via antagonistic interactions (Skoog and Miller 1957). For instance, the ratio of auxin to cytokinin is a major determinant in the final growth pattern and has been applied in in vitro culture systems where high auxin leads to increased root growth, while high cytokinin leads to increased shoot production. A balance between the two leads to undifferentiated cellular growth referred to as callus (Figure 4.2). Since this discovery, many new classes of plant growth regulators, which work to fine tune plant growth, have been identified with the major classes being recognized as: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, and ethylene (Mandava 1988; Amasino 2005; Woodward and Bartel 2005; Bari and Jones 2009; Werner and Schmülling 2009; Enders and Strader 2015; Gantait et al. 2015). There exists, however, an ever-increasing interest toward nontraditional classes of plant growth regulators and their roles in directing morphogenesis and plant development. One such class is the indoleamine neurotransmitters serotonin and melatonin, whose discovery in plants is relatively recent (Erland et al. 2015). Though their classification has been difficult, they have recently been proposed as a novel class of plant growth regulator (Ramakrishna et al. 2011; Erland et al. 2015, 2016). The rationale for new classification will be discussed in this chapter and is based on the diverse roles these compounds have been found to play in plants, with special focus on in vitro plant tissue culture experiments, as they have provided the best evidence for this proposal.
Sustainable production of biomass and industrially important secondary metabolites in cell cultures of selfheal (Prunella vulgaris L.) elicited by silver and gold nanoparticles
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Hina Fazal, Bilal Haider Abbasi, Nisar Ahmad, Mohammad Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Abbas Khan, Dong-Qing Wei
Herewith, peroxidase enzymes, superoxide dismutase enzymes and content of total protein were determined in cell suspension cultures of Prunella exposed to combinations of NAA and NPs (Figure 4). In cell suspension cultures, the combination of AgAuNPs (3:1) with NAA (2.0 mgl−1) induced maximum CTP (326 µg BSAE/mg-FW) as compared to control (Figure 4(a)). Higher production of SOD enzyme (0.59 nM/min/mg-FW) was observed when AgAuNPs (2:1) with 2.0 mg l−1 NAA was applied (Figure 4(b)). Significantly similar enzyme production (0.56 nM/min/mg-FW) was observed when AuNPs (30 µg l−1) with NAA (2.0 mg l−1) was applied as compared to control (0.32 nM/min/mg-FW) and other treatments. An increment in POD enzyme production (0.33 and 0.334 nM/min/mg-FW) was observed on medium containing combinations of AgNPs and AgAuNPs (1:2) along with NAA, which is comparatively higher than control (0.005 nM/min/mg-FW) (Figure 4(c)). Herewith, the stress enzymes showed autonomous behavior and hence suggest that they are not restricted to the application of single type of NP and plant growth regulators, but varied upon each exposure. In contrast, SOD enzyme did not showed linear correlation with POD production. Similarly, the CTP did not show positive correlation with stress enzymes production (Figure 5).
Melatonin-stimulated biosynthesis of anti-microbial ZnONPs by enhancing bio-reductive prospective in callus cultures of Catharanthus roseus var. Alba
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Hafiza Rida Riaz, Syed Salman Hashmi, Tariq Khan, Christophe Hano, Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc’h, Bilal Haider Abbasi
Catharanthus (C.) roseus (L.) G. Don var. alba is a medicinally important plant associated with Apocynaceae family. Catharanthus roseus was commonly known as Periwinkle or Madagascar-periwinkle found in various tropical and sub-tropical regions [12]. Catharanthus roseus having two varieties, white-flowered “alba” and pink-flowered “rosea” [13,14]. Catharanthus roseus is an alkaloid rich plant having >400 alkaloids from which >130 are TIAs (terpenoid-indole alkaloids) [15]. Vinca alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine are very popular for their use in cancer treatments [14,16]. Reserpine, serpentine and ajmalicine acts as anti-neuro-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive agents [15,17]. Vindoline, vindolidine and vindolicine are important for anti-diabetic activity [18]. ZnONPs have been synthesized using C. roseus leaves [19]. However, the potential of C. roseus callus cultures for ZnONPs synthesis has not been investigated till date. Catharanthus roseus is a rich source of bioactive agents other than alkaloids, e.g. phenolics, carbohydrates, flavonoids and saponins that help in reduction and stabilization process during NPs synthesis [19,20]. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are responsible for improved content of these bioactive agents in in-vitro cultures [21–23].
Effects of co-exposure to imidacloprid and gibberellic acid on redox status, kidney variables and histopathology in adult rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2018
Bornia Lafi, Mariem Chaâbane, Awatef Elwej, Malek Grati, Kamel Jamoussi, Hela Mnif, Tahia Boudawara, Hanen Ketata Bouaziz, Najiba Zeghal
Plant growth regulators, the endogenous plant hormones, enhance and control the production of a wide variety of crops (Silverstone and Sun 2000, Ashikari et al.2005). They have been identified in different plants as stimulators of both cells division and elongation affecting leaves as well as stems (Devlin 1996, Ashikari et al.2005). They are also involved in parthenocarpic fruit development, flowering, and mobilization of food reserves in grass seed germination (Salisbury and Ross, 1992). Moreover they are introduced in the diet of all herbivorous and omnivorous animals. The amounts of these substances in the environment may soon exceed those of insecticides.