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Signs and Symptoms in Psychiatry
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Essentials of Psychiatric Assessment, 2018
Pareidolia: a state in which real and unreal percepts exist side by side, the latter being recognized as unreal. The perceptions can be called up by ill-defined sense impressions such as those that occur when staring into the dying embers of an open fire, or seeing different shapes on staring at cracks on a wall. Pareidolia can occur in a considerable portion of normal people and can be induced deliberately; causes include use of psychomimetic drugs and acute organic disorders caused by fever.
How Effective are Pictures in Eliciting Information from People Living with Dementia? A Systematic Review
Published in Clinical Gerontologist, 2023
Muhammad Haroon, Nadeeka N. Dissanayaka, Anthony J. Angwin, Tracy Comans
(3): Although low-level visual functions such as color contrast, image and font size etc were reported, higher-order visuoperceptual functions such as perception and identification of objects and emotions were overlooked. Numerous studies have demonstrated that dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies contribute to object misidentification (Ota et al., 2015; Pal et al., 2016; Quental, Brucki, & Bueno, 2009), poor emotion perception (Phillips, Scott, Henry, Mowat, & Bell, 2010; Rita Hargrave, Richard, and, Stone, & Ph, 2002), and Pareidolia and simultanagnosia (Neitzel et al., 2016; Yokoi et al., 2014). These impairments worsen as the disease advances and can lead to misinterpretation of pictures and wrong preference selection. Similarly, photographs and drawings were used without justifying the suitability of those image modalities and that too might have led to wrong preference selection by people living with dementia. Image optimization should therefore be considered in future toolmaking, considering both low and high-level visual-perceptual skills, age-related deficits in vision and perception, and the individual effects of image modalities on information elicitation.
Treatment for cognitive and neuropsychiatric non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: current evidence and future perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 2023
Elisa Mantovani, Chiara Zucchella, Andreas A. Argyriou, Stefano Tamburin
The collective-term psychosis refers to a spectrum of manifestations including illusions (i.e., misinterpretations of real perceptual stimuli), hallucinations (i.e., spontaneous false sensory perceptions) delusions (i.e., false identification or reduplication of persons, places, or objects), and paranoid ideation that can occur throughout the entire course of PD in different sensory modalities and with different degrees of intrusiveness [89,90]. During the early PD stages, patients often experience minor mainly visual symptoms, including passage (i.e., person, animal, or indefinite object is seen briefly passing in the peripheral visual field) or the presence of hallucinations (i.e., feeling that someone is nearby) and mild illusions (e.g., pareidolia, i.e. the tendency to make meaningful shapes out of random patterns). Psychosis becomes more structured, involving non-visual modalities (i.e., auditory, tactile, and olfactory), and more intrusive and severe (i.e., delusions), during PD progression, in parallel with cognitive decline and loss of insight. Psychosis is thus a predictor of cognitive decline and PD progression [68,70,81]. The prevalence of psychosis in PD varies depending on the sensory modality (e.g., visual hallucinations: 22–38%; non-visual hallucinations, auditory: 22%, olfactory: 10%) and disease severity (e.g., delusions: 4% of the advanced PD patients) [89,91]. PD psychosis is supposed to be of multifactorial origin, being ascribed to dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and cholinergic system deficits (Table 1) [82].
Changing the treatment paradigm for Parkinson’s disease psychosis with pimavanserin
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2019
Kelly E. Lyons, Rajesh Pahwa, Neal Hermanowicz, Thomas Davis, Fernando Pagan, Stuart Isaacson
PDP symptomatology usually progresses in a continuum of severity over the course of PD, although symptoms may also arise and fluctuate in response to provoking triggers such as illness, stress, sleep disturbances, or medications [10,17]. Symptoms evolve from minor manifestations such as passage hallucinations (fleeting images in the peripheral vision) and presence hallucinations (the false sense of the nearby presence of a person) or illusions, including pareidolia (illusions of faces or objects in things such as trees, rocks, or clouds), which may not be bothersome, to formed visual hallucinations, commonly of people, insects, or animals [2,17]. Auditory hallucinations are typically perceived as indistinct, such as a radio or band playing, or a conversation taking place, outside of the room [2,18]. Hallucinations of people occasionally but not often speak. While the patient may retain insight in the early stages of PDP, insight is lost with progression, which is further characterized by increased incidence of delusions, multimodal hallucinations, and comorbid cognitive decline [17].