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Nutritional Optic Neuropathy
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
William Sultan, Giulia Amore, Uchenna Francis Nwako, Stacey Aquino Cohitmingao, Samuel Asanad, Alfredo Sadun
In developing countries, undernourishment is the most common cause of NON. The prevalence is higher during times of war and famine. Widespread malnutrition can produce the appearance of an epidemic as seen in the case of Cuban epidemic optic neuropathy (CEON). In Cuba, during the early 1990s, more than 50,000 people experienced subacute vision loss and associated peripheral symptoms later in the course of the condition (Figure 11.2a and 11.2b).
Poverty and health
Published in Sally Robinson, Priorities for Health Promotion and Public Health, 2021
Elisabetta Corvo, Sally Robinson
The Food and Agriculture Organization (2019) explain that food security and insecurity operate along a sliding scale. Food security means that people can access the quantity and quality of food that they need, and health is unlikely to be compromised. This can become mild food insecurity when there begins to be some uncertainty about obtaining food.Moderate food insecurity means that people are uncertain whether they will be able to access food because it is hard to find, or it is unaffordable. They are forced to compromise the quantity and quality of their diet. Going hungry leads to concerns about undernourishment in the form of too few calories and/or developing deficiencies in specific nutrients. Some people increase their reliance on cheap, highly processed foods which are often high in fat, salt and sugar. These can cause other forms of malnutrition, including obesity, which are associated with the development of chronic diseases that shorten life.Severe food insecurity means that food is unavailable to people and they are hungry. At worst, people may have gone without food for days. There is increasing undernutrition across the diet and people’s health is at risk. In 2018, 9.2% of the world’s population were experiencing severe food insecurity.
Meat
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
This contrast raises the issue of whether and to what extent meat advantaged Egypt’s wealthy in a world where most people ate too little. At a time when contagion and parasites killed indiscriminately, elites do not appear to have suffered fewer infections.101 Yet meat was not their only trump card because, as mentioned, they did not suffer the overwork and injuries that debilitated commoners. The reality that overwork truncated Caribbean slaves’ lives, as noted in Chapter 1, implies that it prematurely killed Egypt’s poor. Exhaustion and undernourishment impaired every aspect of their lives. On the other hand, indulgence and idleness gave elites heart disease.
A Nutrition and Inflammation-Related Nomogram to Predict Overall Survival in Surgically Resected Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) Patients
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Juan Li, Xinyu Mei, Di Sun, Mingfa Guo, Mingran Xie, Xia Chen
ESCC is a catabolic inflammatory-disease whose typical symptoms are dysphagia and weight loss (34). It has been recognized that undernourishment in patients with cancer could lead to poor therapeutic responses and prognosis (35, 36). The prognostic nutrition index calculated using serum albumin and total lymphocyte count suggests that these factors are associated with physiological activities of the human body and inflammation (37). Albumin plays a critical role in modulating osmotic colloid pressure, lipid metabolism and intravascular molecule transportation (38). The level of serum albumin in peripheral blood not only reflect liver function and nutritional status but also has a correlation with stress, hydration state, aging, and inflammation. The understanding of the precise mechanism of low albumin level in patients with cancer remains inconclusive. The underlying explanation of hypoalbuminemia is that cancer cells produce a systemic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and unexpected growth factors which induce hepatocytes to downregulate their production of albumin (39).
Field testing of the revised, draft South African Paediatric Food-Based Dietary Guidelines among mothers/caregivers of children aged 12–36 months in the Stellenbosch Municipality in the Western Cape province, South Africa
Published in South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2021
S Strydom, LM du Plessis, LC Daniels
Malnutrition affects millions of individuals worldwide. Globally, undernourishment is of great concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. A large proportion of the individuals affected are women and young children.1 Only 36 countries account for 90% of the world’s stunted children.1 In Africa alone, almost a third of all children are stunted.2 Despite a reduction in the global rate of stunting among children under five,2 stunting in South Africa remains high at 27%.3 Among South African children aged 12–36 months, stunting rates are even higher at 35%.3 Children between 18 and 23 months are also more likely to be underweight.3 In contrast, overweight and obesity in children are also on the rise in South Africa , with the prevalence of overweight among children under five being more than double the global rate.2,3 Furthermore, the dietary diversity and meal frequency of children under five is poor, with only 26% of children aged 12–23 months receiving a minimal acceptable diet.3
Food Insecurity With Hunger and Sexual Behavior Among Adolescents From 53 Countries
Published in International Journal of Sexual Health, 2021
Lee Smith, Philip B. Ward, Davy Vancampfort, Guillermo Felipe López-Sánchez, Lin Yang, Igor Grabovac, Louis Jacob, Damiano Pizzol, Nicola Veronese, Jae Il Shin, Jinhee Lee, Daragh T. McDermott, Ai Koyanagi
One understudied potential correlate is food insecurity. Food insecurity is defined as “limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire food in socially acceptable ways” (United States Department of Agriculture Food & Nutrition Service, 2000). Food insecurity is prevalent and on the rise globally (FAO et al., 2019). For example, undernourishment (one aspect of food insecurity) occurs in 10.8% of the global population, with rates varying from 5.5% in South America to 30.8% in Eastern Africa. Moreover, the phenomenon of food insecurity is not unique to LMICs; it is also prevalent in high-income countries (HICs) (FAO et al., 2019). It is possible that female adolescents, especially from LMICs, engage in sexual activity with male partners due to their reliance on the male partner for food provision (Masa et al., 2019). Moreover, food insecurity may lead to risky sexual behavior as food insecurity likely has a negative influence on the ability of young people to consider the long-term consequences of risky behaviors (Masa et al., 2019). If adolescents do not have adequate access to food, they may become less concerned about the future and more worried about satisfying their immediate basic needs (Masa et al., 2019).