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Nutritional Ergogenic Aids — Macronutrients
Published in Luke Bucci, Nutrients as Ergogenic Aids for Sports and Exercise, 2020
Carbohydrate-rich diets are helpful before and after exercise. During exercise, intake of commercially available sports drinks repletes water, electrolytes, and carbohydrates with a single foodstuff. Thus, three major causes of fatigue can be counteracted simultaneously.48 In conclusion, available research has demonstrated ergogenic benefits from ingestion of sports drinks containing carbohydrate and electrolytes for strenuous endurance exercises. Effects on other events and exercises are less clear.
Principles of Sports Nutrition
Published in Elizabeth Broad, Sports Nutrition for Paralympic Athletes, 2019
Elizabeth Broad, Louise M. Burke
Good drink choices will depend on the sport and on other nutritional goals that might be important. First, a fluid needs to be palatable and available to encourage intake. However other characteristics include temperature (Burdon et al. 2010, 2012), which can be manipulated both to enhance palatability in the specific environment and to contribute to body temperature regulation (cold fluids and ice slurries can reduce core temperature in hot conditions, while warm fluids may increase body temperature losses in cold environments). Second, there is the opportunity for a drink to contain other nutrients that might enhance performance, such as carbohydrate (Jeukendrup 2010; Jeukendrup and Chambers 2010) or caffeine (Burke 2008). Sports drinks which are formulated to meet a range of needs provide carbohydrate and electrolytes, with the latter encouraging fluid intake by maintaining thirst.
Dehydration and the Young Athlete
Published in Flavia Meyer, Zbigniew Szygula, Boguslaw Wilk, Fluid Balance, Hydration, and Athletic Performance, 2016
An understanding of the amount, type, flavor, and temperature of fluids that promote an adequate intake in young athletes is needed to optimize their hydration regimes. In addition to plain water, young athletes consume a variety of beverages during exercise including sodas, fruit juices, enhanced water, milk, energy drinks, and sports drinks. Sodas and fruit juices are not recommended during exercise because of their high sugar content and carbonation which take longer to empty from the stomach and can cause stomach upset and interfere with proper hydration. Enhanced waters usually contain vitamins that are not necessary during exercise. Low-fat milk is effective for post-exercise fluid replacement because of its protein and electrolyte content that promotes fluid retention (Volterman et al. 2014). Energy drinks have become popular with high school students. They contain a large dose of caffeine which can have a greater stimulant effect in youngsters compared to adults. Often young athletes are not aware of the differences between sports and energy drinks and they consume energy drinks when their goal is to rehydrate. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2011b) and the Institute of Medicine (2014) have advised against their use in children and adolescents due to potential health risks due to their stimulant content.
Age Drives the Differences in Dietary Supplement Use in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cyclists, Runners, and Triathletes
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Austin J. Graybeal, Andreas Kreutzer, Jada L. Willis, Kamiah Moss, Robyn Braun-Trocchio, Meena Shah
Electrolyte use in the current study appeared to be motivated by performance and fluid balance as evidenced by purposeful use of electrolyte supplements across age categories. The increased prevalence of electrolyte use in older adults, which was not observed in other studies (32), may be due to the structural and functional declines in the kidneys beginning at age 40, which may result in electrolyte abnormalities (25). However, several studies in master runners and cyclists (61–63) report either no or low prevalence of exercised induced hyponatremia, and OA in our sample were likely in good health given their athlete status and exercise practices. For several decades, athletes have been barraged with marketing campaigns that highlight what should be consumed during exercise to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance (64). This may be why electrolyte use remains high despite insufficient evidence to support its use under normal circumstances. However, this does not explain why younger athletes in the current study used electrolyte supplements to a lesser degree. It is possible that younger athletes do not view electrolyte or sports drinks as DS, but rather a more casual (compared to purposeful) beverage.
Effects of air-perfused rucksack on physiological and perceptual strain during low-intensity exercise in a hot environment
Published in Temperature, 2020
Masanobu Kajiki, Naoyuki Yamashita, Ryo Ito, Takaaki Matsumoto
where Tret and HRt are the values measured at a certain time point, Tre0 and HR0 are the values measured at the beginning of exercise, and 39.5 and 180 are the mean maximum values of core temperature and HR, respectively [19]. PSI was calculated every 10 min during walking. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured using the Borg scale [20] every 10 min during walking. TS was measured using a 9-point scale (−4, very cold; −3, cold; −2, cool; −1, slightly cool; 0, neutral; 1, slightly warm; 2, warm; 3, hot; and 4, very hot). TC was measured using a 7-point scale (−3, very uncomfortable; −2, uncomfortable; −1, slightly uncomfortable; 0, neutral; 1, slightly comfortable; 2, comfortable; and 3, very comfortable). TS and TC were recorded every 10 min throughout an experimental session. Whole body sweat volume was calculated by subtracting the post-exercise body mass and the consumed sports drink volume (400 ml) during exercise from the pre-exercise body mass, under the assumption that 100 g of body mass is equivalent to 100 ml of body sweat.
Effect of carbohydrate–electrolyte consumption on insulin, cortisol hormones and blood glucose after high-intensity exercise
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Ahmet Mor, Yildirim Kayacan, Gokhan Ipekoglu, Erkal Arslanoglu
Dehydration during heavy and long-term exercise is a usual condition and it may ascertain deterioration in psychological/physiological function, exercise performance and it also causes acceleration of fatigue. Even though the water is the solution for some athletes, many athletes demand carbohydrate and electrolyte content to their beverages during long-term intensive exercises. Many sports drinks fortify it’s beverage ingredients by adding carbohydrates such as glucose/maltodextrin and electrolytes such as sodium/potassium and improve their performance along with recovery (Kalman et al. 2012).