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Saussurea costus (Kust) and Senna alexandrina (Senna)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Amita Dubey, Soni Gupta, Mushfa Khatoon, Anil Kumar Gupta
The pioneering work in characterizing chemical constituents of Senna was done by Stoll in 1941 (Franz, 1993). The two crystalline glycosides isolated by him were named sennoside A and sennoside B. Later work by different investigators helped in the identification of other constituents, sennoside C and sennoside D, along with other active molecules (Franz, 1993). Hydroxyanthracene glycosides (HAGs) are basically the bioactive constituents in Senna. The HAGs are present in the form of dianthrone glycosides (sennosides A, A1, B, C, and D) and anthraquinone glycosides (rhein-8-O-glucoside and rhein-8-sophoroside) (Meier et. al., 2017; Wichtl, 2004). The anthranoids identified in the leaf are dianthrones (75–80%) and anthrones (20–25%) which are the active constituents in the plant. The leaves and pods of S. alexandrina contain ~ 2.5% of anthraquinone glycosides (sennosides A and B), that are basically derived from rhein and aloe-emodin.
Plant Species from the Atlantic Forest Biome and Their Bioactive Constituents
Published in Luzia Valentina Modolo, Mary Ann Foglio, Brazilian Medicinal Plants, 2019
Rebeca Previate Medina, Carolina Rabal Biasetto, Lidiane Gaspareto Felippe, Lilian Cherubin Correia, Marília Valli, Afif Felix Monteiro, Alberto José Cavalheiro, Ângela Regina Araújo, Ian Castro-Gamboa, Maysa Furlan, Vanderlan da Silva Bolzani, Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
Flowers of P. nitens afforded nine phenol derivatives and two guanidine alkaloids which were assessed for the ability to scavenge free radicals and to inhibit myeloperoxidase (MPO), an abundant heme-enzyme in polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), considered a key macromolecule in redox processes and in the nonspecific immune response to several agents. MPO triggers the conversion of H2O2 and chloride anion to water and HOCl. The excess of MPO activity and subsequent overproduction of HOCl leads to oxidative stress to PMNs, which is associated to several inflammatory processes, including rheumatoid arthritis and cystic fibrosis. Therefore, MPO inhibitors might be considered as prototypes for the development of anti-inflammatory agents. Among the tested compounds, quercetin-3-O-sophoroside (32) and gallic acid (33) (Figure 9.6) displayed strong MPO inhibition and antiradicalar activity against DPPH• and ABTS•+. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of guanidine alkaloids, pterogynine (34) and pterogynidine (35) (Figure 9.6) was also evaluated, but they did not scavenge DPPH• or ABTS•+ radicals efficiently, which corroborates the importance of structural features as phenol hydroxy groups for a strong antioxidant activity (Regasini et al., 2008b).
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Commercial cottonseed contains approximately 92% dry matter, 16 to 20% protein, 18 to 24% oil, 30% carbohydrates, and 22% crude fiber. After ginning, cottonseed includes unginned lint, fuzz, 16% crude oil, 45.5% cake or meal, 25.5% hulls, and 8% linters. The roots contain chromogene, olein, resin, and tannin. Gossypol is concentrated in the glands. Salicylic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, betaine, bisabolol, curcurmene, triacontane, oleic acid, palmitic acid, cerylalcohol, and acetovanillin are reported from cottonroots; quercetin-3-sophoroside, quercimeritrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, nicotiflorin, trifolin, gossypitrin, hirsu-trin, quercetin-3’-glucoside, and chrysanthemine are reported from G. barbadense.33
Natural compounds and extracts as novel antimicrobial agents
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2020
Paolo Guglielmi, Virginia Pontecorvi, Giulia Rotondi
The introduction of the proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) omeprazole, in the amount spanning from 2.5 mg to 40 mg (selected from the proton-pump inhibitors available: omeprazole, lansoprazole, dexlansoprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, ilaprazole and tenatoprazole), improved the efficacy of the supplement composition by reducing the quantity of stomach acid, also inhibiting the H. pylori urease [31]. Moreover, the presence of microbial biosurfactants, produced by a variety of microorganisms such as Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Candida spp., etc., enhances the antimicrobial activity of these compositions. Indeed, on one hand, these substances endowed with an amphiphilic character improve the water bioavailability of water-insoluble substances (like the oils), while on the other lead to pores formation and destabilization of the microorganism membranes thus enforcing the anti-microbial effects. Among the available biosurfactants (glycolipids, lipopeptides, flavolipids, etc.), the glycolipids such as rhamnolipids, sophorolipids (SLP), trehalose lipids, cellobiose lipids and/or mannosylerythritol lipids and the lipopeptides, including, surfactin, iturin, fengycin, arthrofactin, viscosin, amphisin and/or lichenysin, have been evaluated. SLP resulted to have the best ability to destroy biofilms, along with anti-inflammatory, tissue-healing, antibacterial and/or antioxidant properties [32]. SLP are glycolipids formed by the sophorose, consisting in two glucose molecules linked to a fatty acid by a glycosidic ether bond. Depending on the presence of a cyclic ester bond, they are categorized in the lactonic form (a cyclic ester) or the acidic form (also called linear form, due to the presence of the hydrolyzed ester bond), the former having greater antimicrobial/anti-biofilm capabilities and employed in the compositions in the amounts spanning from 5 to 20 µg/mL.