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Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish Wastes and Their Activities
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari, Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Fish Wastes, 2022
Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari
The eicosapentaenoic acid of shark liver oil has been reported to be very effective for treatment of some cardiovascular diseases and it has a protective effect against thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory diseases. The docosahexaenoic acid of this oil is also known to help in the brain development and in preventing skin disorders. The PUFA, arachidonic acid (C20:4 x-6) was the major one present at levels ranging from 2.02 (for S. acanthias) to 5.36% (for R. cemiculus). This fatty acid which is a precursor for prostaglandins helps in immune response and thromboxane which contributes to form blood clot by attachment to the endothelial tissue during wound healing. Arachidonic acid also plays an important role in the development of the brain, retina, and infantile growth.
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
The essential oils of plants contain an abundance of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes. The most common structural monoterpenes are derivatives of geraniol, the main constituent of geranium oil. Menthol is the chief component of peppermint oil. d-Limonene composes over 90% of lemon oil. α-Pinene is found in the oil of rosemary. Camphor is the main component of sage oil. Iridoids are interesting monoterpenes, which have been isolated from ants. Monoterpenes are used in flavor and perfume industries because of their attractive odors, high volatilities, and low molecular weights.78 Most of these are synthesized and usually trigger symptoms in individuals with chemical sensitivity. Several monoterpenes are found in turpentine. The rosin acids are diterpenes. Vitamin A is the best-known open-chain diterpene. The triterpenes that are obtainable from shark liver oil may be converted to cholesterol and many other steroids. The carotenoid pigments are the best-known tetraterpenes. The function of terpenes in plants, which has been previously described as being a protectant for heat and other organisms, is not always so clear. Terpenes sometimes possess toxic properties that link to the protection of the species. Animals do not eat some types of terpenes. The same protective properties appear to trigger and exacerbate symptoms in individuals with chemical sensitivity.
Oncology
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Alternative treatments utilize physiological and psychological therapies to strengthen the immune system. Antineoplastin therapy is based on the theory that the body has a parallel biochemical defense system (BDS) that is independent of the immune system and can help reprogram defective cancer cells to begin normal functions. These polypeptides are given in synthetic form in treatment of lymphoma, leukemia, and several other types of cancers. Botanical medications utilized successfully include shiitake and maitake mushrooms (to stimulate immune function), shark cartilage (an anti-angiogenic that inhibits blood supply in tumors), shark liver oil (to generate antibody response), and hydrazine sulfate (to treat cachexia). Nutritional and vitamin therapies, emotional and sociological support, visualization, and biopsychosocial programs (e.g., Block's) are also utilized, as is traditional Chinese medicine in the form of acupuncture, herbs, meditation, and exercise therapies.
Protective action of alkylglycerols under stress
Published in Stress, 2020
Tatiana S. Poleschuk, Ruslan M. Sultanov, Ekaterina V. Ermolenko, Lidiya V. Shulgina, Sergey P. Kasyanov
The figure reflects also a clear tendency toward an increase in hemoglobin levels after AG administration at a dose of 157 mg/kg. However, according to the Mann–Whitney U test, the difference between animals receiving AG preparation at a dose of 15 mg/kg and 157 mg/kg does not reach a statistically significant level (p = 0.34). This increase corresponds well to the literature data on higher erythrocyte and hemoglobin levels in sows after intake of shark liver oil (Mitre et al, 2005), and a greater number of erythrocytes, platelets, and lymphocytes and on a higher hemoglobin level in rats after the use of AGs at a dose of 0.4 g/kg BW for a month (Karaman, Novgorodtseva, Gvozdenko, & Kasynov, 2013). The dose in our study was almost three times (2.5) lower, so we can conclude that the effect was dose-dependent, or probably that more time was needed for accumulation of the preparation in the animal’s body. As the levels of erythrocytes and hemoglobin are important components of adaptation to hypoxia (Sinex & Chapman, 2015), this effect of the preparation should be considered as adaptogenic.
The Adjuvant Effect of Squalene, an Active Ingredient of Functional Foods, on Doxorubicin-Treated Allograft Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2019
Hari Narayan Bhilwade, Naoto Tatewaki, Tetsuya Konishi, Miyako Nishida, Takahiro Eitsuka, Hironobu Yasui, Osamu Inanami, Osamu Handa, Yuji Naito, Nobuo Ikekawa, Hiroshi Nishida
Squalene (SQ) is a physiological substance present in nature both in plant as well as in animal food resources. It is especially concentrated in olive oil and shark liver oil. Absorption of SQ in different tissues varies in humans. Earlier studies showed that skin has highest level of SQ accumulation followed by adipose tissue, lymph node, arterial intima, myocardium, skeletal muscle, and kidney (6). The serum half-life of SQ is about 74 min (7). SQ is one of the examples of functional food factors which protects humans from coronary heart diseases and is also used to maintain skin health. Epidemiological studies of breast and colon cancers in several Mediterranean populations have demonstrated that increased dietary intake of olive oil is associated with decreased risk of cancer (8). Use of SQ as functional food is increasing worldwide. Global market size by raw material (vegetable, synthetic, animal), by application (food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics) containing SQ was USD 111.9 million in 2015 (9). SQ is widely used commercially for numerous vaccine and drug delivery emulsions due to its stability enhancing effects and biocompatibility. The SQ content (v/v) of some of the important commercial formulations and Vaccine Adjuvant is as follows: MF59®: 2.5%; AS03: 2.5% (oil-in-water parenteral emulsions) and Montanide® ISA 720: 70%; TiterMax® Classic and Gold: 10–50%; Hoskinson: 35% (water-in-oil parenteral emulsions) (10).
Protective effect of indomethacin on vanadium-induced adrenocortical and testicular damages in rat
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Rituparna Ghosh, Samudra Prosad Banik
Three-month old male albino rats of Sprague Dawley strain Rattus norvegicus weighing 200 ± 10 g were used in the present study. The animals were maintained as per national guidelines and protocols, approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. They were housed in clean polypropylene cages and in a controlled environment (temperature 22 ± 2 °C and relative humidity 40–60%) in the animal house with constant 12 h light and 12 h dark schedule. The animals were fed on standardized normal diet (20% protein) which consisted of 70% wheat, 20% Bengal gram, 5% fish meal powder, 4% dry yeast powder, 0.75% refined til oil, and 0.25% shark liver oil and water ad libitum (Chandra et al. 2007a).