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Marine Chondroitin Sulfate and Its Potential Applications
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
In addition, the method used to isolate chondroitin sulfate from fish cartilages, particularly cuttlebone, ray and shark cartilages, were by soaking the raw material in papain solution for 24 hours to free the remaining muscle tissue and then dried. The cartilage is ground and added with distilled water and acetic acid to maintain acidity at pH 4.5. After warming the mixture in an oven at 37°C for 7 hours, it was filtered using filter paper and the obtained solution was centrifuged. The resulting supernatant was added with 3% w/v cetylpyridinium chloride in 0.8 M NaCl, then put in the freezer for 10 minutes and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 30 minutes. Subsequently, 2 M NaCl solution was added and centrifuged again at 5,000 rpm for 30 minutes. The supernatant obtained was added with methanol, and centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4°C. The precipitate was added with 95% ethanol and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 15 minutes. The precipitate was removed and then dried at room temperature (Hanindika et al., 2014). A similar method was employed with chondroitin drying using freeze drier and the yield was 6.06% (Sulityowati et al., 2015).
Animal Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Marine fishes are divided in three categories: big-size, medium-size, and small-size (14). Big-sized fishes such as whales and dolphins belonging to sea mammals have been captured for foodstuffs and cosmetic industry, but their fishing is now banned because they are endangered species. Sharks are harvested primarily for their meat, fins, skin, cartilage, and liver (16). Shark fins are the most valuable of shark products and are used to make traditional shark fin soup, a delicacy and luxurious meal, in many Asian countries, especially in China (16). Shark meat is a preferred food in Japan, Australia, India, and some European countries. Shark cartilage is used for food and medicine in China and Japan. It is high in chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate, compounds used effectively in treating arthritis (16). However, shark as well as swordfish, tilefish, and king mackerel are high in mercury content and are now banned for children and pregnant women (12, 16–17). The most consumed medium- and small-sized fishes are: salmon, tuna, sardine, anchovy, pollock, trout, mackerel, sturgeon, cod, herring, eel, halibut, turbot, flying fish, cuttlefish, squid, sea bass, bonito, and so on. These wild fishes, especially salmon, sardine, pollock, anchovy, and mackerel, are generally safe and low in mercury content (17–18).
Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish Wastes and Their Activities
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari, Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Fish Wastes, 2022
Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari
Others: In experimental rats, both the shark cartilage and shark liver oil have been found to protect these rats treated with dimethylhydrazine, a cancer causing agent (Akbulut and Akgül, 2018). Barman (https://www. researchgate.net/publication/257139523_Fish_Derived_Nutraceuticals_ and_food_preservatives) reported that the shark cartilage is used in the treatment of atherosclerosis, blood vessel thrombosis, and in the reduction of cancer-related tumors and inflammation.
Shark Cartilage Supplement Labeling Practices and Compliance with U.S. Regulations
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Rachel B. Isaacs, Rosalee S. Hellberg
Several types of structure/function claims were observed for the shark cartilage supplements, with the majority being associated with skeletal or joint health. Claims involving skeletal and bone health were considered to be supported by significant scientific evidence that has shown an association between calcium intake and bone mass (21 CFR § 101.72). Structure/function claims regarding joint health were considered unverified as there does not appear to be substantial scientific evidence to support these claims (Wandel et al. 2010; Vista and Lau 2011; Wu et al. 2013; Avery et al. 2017). Furthermore, a claim made by one supplement to enhance immune system health and support vision was determined to be unsubstantiated due to a lack of scientific evidence. The percentage of shark cartilage products with structure/function and/or general well-being claims that had an absent or incomplete disclaimer (31.3%) is higher than the study from Levinson (2012), which reported that 7% of weight loss or immune system support dietary supplements examined lacked the required disclaimer.