China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Impact of Dietary and Exercise Interventions on Brain Insulin Action and Brain Function
Published in André Kleinridders, Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2023
In an acute setting, low- and high GI foods (different breakfasts, sucrose- vs. isomaltulose- sweetened trifle) did not clearly affect the postprandial cognitive performance in young healthy adults. Glycemia and insulinemia did not seem to have an acute strong influence on attention or memory (202, 203). Similarly, those food groups do not seem to differ in their impact on BDNF levels (204). Long-term studies are controversial: In high school students, a 9-week intervention with mixed-grain products led to a better cognitive performance and higher BDNF levels compared to regular diet (205). A polydextrose supplement was shown to improve attention and cognitive flexibility in healthy women after 4 weeks (206). In contrast, children receiving a galacto-oligosaccharide prebiotic supplement for 12 weeks did not show improvements in cognition, mood, or anxiety (207). Dried apples – compared to high GI muffins – did acutely improve glycemic state, but not cognitive performance in healthy, normal weight adults (208).
Granulation and Production Approaches of Orally Disintegrating Tablets
Published in Dilip M. Parikh, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, 2021
Tansel Comoglu, Fatemeh Bahadori
The application of a dosage form in the mouth without using water intensifies the bad taste of the drug molecule. Successful masking of the bitter taste of the drug must be achieved to accomplish patient compliance. Flavors and sweeteners are the main excipients used in this order. Flavor oils, fruit essences, and aromatic oils are the most commonly used flavoring agents. Sweeteners, on the other hand, play multiple roles in ODT formulations. Sugar-based sweeteners are hydrophilic materials with bulking property and provide fast disintegrating while masking the drug taste. Artificial sweeteners like aspartame and sugars derivatives, and bulking agents like dextrose, fructose, isomalt, lactilol, maltitol, maltose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch hydrolysate, polydextrose, and xylitol are applied for these purposes.
Cardiovascular Diseases and the Metabolic Syndrome
Published in John J.B. Anderson, Marilyn C. Sparling, The Mediterranean Way of Eating, 2014
John J.B. Anderson, Marilyn C. Sparling
Studies have shown that a high intake of total dietary fiber, from soluble and insoluble fibers, is linked with a lower risk of heart disease (see Chapters 9 through 11). Because dietary fiber appears to provide numerous health benefits, food companies have begun to add fiber isolated from various plant sources to products that never contained any fiber in the first place, such as ice cream, yogurt, and juice. Some of the more popular isolated fibers include inulin (from the chicory plant), polydextrose, maltodextrin, and soy fiber. It is unclear at this time whether isolated fibers provide the same protection against CVDs as do intact fibers. One exception is a psyllium seed extract, which has been shown to help lower cholesterol as well as act as a laxative. In general, isolated fibers lack many of the nutrients and phytochemicals found in whole grains, and at present little or no evidence exists that isolated fibers can reduce the risk of CVD or type 2 diabetes.
A comprehensive systematic review of the effectiveness of Akkermansia muciniphila, a member of the gut microbiome, for the management of obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Neda Roshanravan, Sepideh Bastani, Helda Tutunchi, Behnam Kafil, Omid Nikpayam, Naimeh Mesri Alamdari, Amir Hadi, Simin Sotoudeh, Samad Ghaffari, Alireza Ostadrahimi
Similar to animal models, human studies demonstrated the effect of dietary factors on the intestinal A. muciniphila abundance (Ramnani et al.2010, Roshanravan et al.2018). In recent human trials, pomegranate fruit extract (PFX) significantly increased the genus of Akkermansia in stool samples of the individuals following PFX extract intervention (Li et al.2015, Henning et al.2017). In a systematic review in 2019, Verhoog et al. (2019) showed an energy-restricted diet, supplemented with resveratrol, polydextrose, yeast fermentate, sodium butyrate, and inulin-type fructans might elevate the A. muciniphila abundance. In contrast, a diet low in fermentable monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polyols reduced A. muciniphila abundance. Hooda et al. (2012) reported that polydextrose (PDX) supplementation increased A. muciniphila abundance in healthy individuals’ faecal samples. Whole grains (e.g. wheat, corn, and rice) are other dietary factors shown to affect faecal microbiota composition favourably. In 2016, Cooper et al. (2017) reported increases in the relative abundance of Akkermansia following whole grains consumption in healthy adults. Recently, a study in obese people indicated an increase in the A. muciniphila bacterium abundance following oleoylethanolamide (OEA) supplementation (Payahoo et al.2019).
Is it time to reconsider prophylactic antimicrobial use for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation? a narrative review of antimicrobials in stem cell transplantation
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2021
Dilshad Jahan, Ed Peile, Md Arif Sheikh, Salequl Islam, Sharlene Parasnath, Paras Sharma, Katia Iskandar, Sameer Dhingra, Jaykaran Charan, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Nandeeta Samad, Tajkera Sultana Chowdhury, Siddhartha Dutta, Mainul Haque
Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota by prebiotics has been explored for some years [218,219]. One Japanese study reported that prebiotic treatment could diminish post-transplant life-threatening problems, including GVHD, by preserving the GI microbiota multiplicity among transplant patients. These were treated prebiotics that contain undigestible (resistant) starch and glutamine, fiber, and oligosaccharides (GFO). The utilized starch includes 70% corn starch, which was resistant to digestion. Eight grams of undigestible (resistant) starch RS were given at lunch and dinner. One sachet of GFO comprises 3 g of glutamine, 4.7 g of polydextrose, and 1.45 g of oligosaccharides at breakfast [220]. Another Japanese study compared a GFO group with a non-GFO group among HSCT patients. The GFO group GI microbiota population continued a similar healthy pattern. They found less development of Enterococcus species (E. faecium or E. faecalis) in the GFO group than the non-GFO group, although statistically non-significant (P = 0.0728). This finding suggested that GFO administration can minimize GI mucosal damage and sepsis triggered by enterococci while treating HSCT patients [221]. The same group also concurrently utilized a lactobacillus as a probiotic to all their marrow transplant patients and reported an overall reduction in the short-term amount of mucosal damage [221]. Subsequently, multiple studies concluded that prebiotic and probiotic administration have synergistic and symbiotic effects that promote ultimate health benefits.
Neurobehavioural effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG alone and in combination with prebiotics polydextrose and galactooligosaccharide in male rats exposed to early-life stress
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld, Siobhain M. O'Mahony, Alan E. Hoban, Rosaline V. Waworuntu, Brian M. Berg, Timothy G. Dinan, John F. Cryan
Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients, usually carbohydrates, that beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, thus supporting host health.30,31 When co-administered, prebiotics and probiotics work in harmony to selectively promote the growth and activity of beneficial bacterial species in the gut. Recently we have shown that prebiotics (fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) in combination) can reverse the behavioural and immune effects of chronic psychosocial stress in adult animals.32 In other studies, diets containing the prebiotic blend of polydextrose (PDX) and GOS were reported to attenuate stressor-induced anxiety-like behaviour in animals,33 promoting stress-resistance behaviour.34 Interestingly, the prebiotic blend was also found to decrease visceral hyperalgesia in a neonatal rat model of zymosan induced colonic irritation, and in a rat model of neonatal colonic irritation, decrease visceral hyperalgesia.35 However, more information on the potential synergistic effects of the dietary symbiotic compounds on brain development and behaviour will be needed.