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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Vegetable oils are lipid liquid extracted from different parts of plants such as seeds (rapeseed, sunflower seed), legumes (peanut, soybean), nuts (walnut, almond), or the flesh of some fruits (olives) (273–276). Vegetable oils are pressed from the plants and are then processed and refined to produce high-quality oils suitable for use as an ingredient in recipes, for frying, in salad dressings, and in the production of margarines and spreads (273). Culinary oils are liquid at room temperature. Major edible vegetable oils in terms of production include soybean, sunflower, palm oil, and rapeseed, which together account for approximately 79% of the total production in the world (273–275). Other oils such as olive oil, sesame oil, peanut oil, corn oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, and coconut oil are also used for frying, salad dressing, and snack food processing. Some oils extracted from nuts like almond oil, walnut oil, cashew oil, and pine nut oil are very expensive and mainly used as flavoring agents or in traditional medicine. Oils obtained by distillation are called essences, which are mainly destined for medicinal or cosmetic uses.
Nanoemulsion Formulations for Tumor-Targeted Delivery
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
Sandip B. Tiwari, Mansoor M. Amiji
The size of nanoemulsion droplets determines their behavior both in vitro and in vivo. Particle size of nanoemulsion droplets can be measured using an ensemble (e.g., spectroscopic methods such as light scattering), counting (e.g., microscopy such as freeze fracture electron microscopy) or separation method (e.g., analytical ultracentrifugation).17,18 Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, when the particle size measurement of standard nanoemulsions (made with pine nut oil and egg PC) was performed by this laboratory using an ensemble and counting method, the results indicated some discrepancy. The average particle size of the nanoemulsion droplets was 110+ 13 nm by dynamic light scattering method using ZetaPALS, 90Plus (Brookhaven Instruments Corporation, Holtsville, NY, U.S.A.). However, the freeze fracture electron microscopy images indicated the size of the droplets in the range of 25–40 nm with some particle aggregates in the size range ~ 100–150 nm (Figure 35.3). It is recommended that, in order to obtain better information on particle size distribution, it is essential that particle size analysis be performed by more than one method. The particle size of the commercial nanoemulsions intended for total parenteral nutrition is reported to be in the range of 100–400 nm.19
Improved delivery of natural alkaloids into lung cancer through woody oil-based emulsive nanosystems
Published in Drug Delivery, 2018
Jing Zhao, Shan Liu, Xueyuan Hu, Yunmei Zhang, Shenglei Yan, Hua Zhao, Mei Zeng, Yao Li, Lan Yang, Jingqing Zhang
In recent years, emulsive nanosystems have been utilized to enhance the bioactivities of pharmaceuticals, supplements, and nutraceuticals (Aboalnaja et al., 2016). In particular, specific vegetable oil-based emulsive nanosystems have played wide roles in antimicrobial therapy (Franklyne et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016) and occasionally been used to enhance cytotoxicity in tumor cells (Desai et al., 2008). These specific vegetable oils, such as pine-nut oil (a woody plant seed oil) and tea tree oil (a woody plant leaf oil, also an essential oil), were used not only as an oil phase but also for their antioxidant activity, which increases the stability of the formulation since they have high concentrations of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. In addition to serving as an oil phase and stabilizing agent, woody oils such as fructus bruceae oil (a woody plant seed oil) have a third function: supplying synergistic anti-tumor effects. Based on effectiveness and safety assessments of the addition of traditional Chinese medicines to chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatments for cancers, some specific vegetable oils are promising for clinical applications (Chen et al., 2016).