China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Ultraviolet and Light Absorption Spectrometry
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
Zoltan M. Dinya, Ferenc J. Sztaricskai
Only a very few spectrophotometric procedures have been reported for the determination of this group of antibiotics. Maridomycin was estimated by Uchida et al. [235] by measuring the absorption of the yellow complex produced by treatment with picric acid. According to data in the literatures, it is believed that color reactions may be used for the spectrophotometric analysis of this group of antibiotic compounds.
Routine and Special Techniques in Toxicologic Pathology
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Daniel J. Patrick, Matthew L. Renninger, Peter C. Mann
On the other hand, Bouin’s fluid has a number of distinct disadvantages. Picric acid in its dry state is explosive. Bouin’s fluid will stain tissues bright yellow, and the color will carry through to processing solutions. Fixation in Bouin’s for more than 24 hours will cause excessive shrinkage and dryness of tissues, but this can be avoided by transferring the tissues to NBF after 24 hours of fixation in Bouin’s. There is an overall increase in eosinophilia with H&E stain in tissues fixed in Bouin’s. Finally, Bouin’s fluid must be treated as a hazardous substance for disposal.
Tissue Glutathione
Published in Robert A. Greenwald, CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, 2018
Picric, 5-sulfosalicylic, metaphosphoric, trichloroacetic, and perchloric acids have all been used for tissue homogenization and deproteinization. Picric acid (1% w/v) or 5-sulfosalicylic acid (SSA; 5% w/v) are preferred for homogenization and deproteinization because perchloric, trichloroacetic, and metaphosphoric acids may not maintain the GSH to GSSG ratio in all tissues.30
In vivo antioxidants, chemical characterization and biochemical and medicinal potential of Murraya koenigii in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Hafiza Yusra Nazeer, Muhammad Omer Iqbal, Asma Mumtaz, Muhammad Masood Ahmed, Romana Riaz, Muhammad Fawad Rasool
Urinary samples were diluted up to 50 times with distilled water. Both plasma and urine samples were deproteinized using the Trichloroacetic acid (1.2 M/L) along with centrifugation, and the supernatant was used for the measurement. The principle of this assay is based on the reaction between creatinine in the sample and picric acid in an alkaline medium to form a colored complex. A spectrophotometer can detect this complex at 520 nm wavelength. The complex formation should be measured in a short period after preparation to avoid interferences. The preparation of the assay component is shown below in the table. The total volume of the sample, blank and standard, was transferred to a 96-well microtiter plate and incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Following incubation peri-od, the absorbance of the mixture was measured using a microplate reader (Synergy HT BioTek ® USA). All the samples were analyzed in duplicate, and the concentration of creatinine in plasma and urine was calculated using the following formula:
Soluble endoglin in urine as an early-pregnancy preeclampsia marker: antenatal longitudinal feasibility study
Published in Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2021
Zilma Silveira Nogueira Reis, Jacqueline Braga Pereira, Lúcia Aparecida C. Costa, Juliana Silva Barra
Urinary detection of sEng was possible using the DuoSet kit (R&D Systems) after thawing the samples stored at −80°. Values were obtained in pg/mL. The urinary concentration of creatinine was measured by the kinetic-calorimetric method (Gold Analysa® catalogue 435, accessible: http://www.goldanalisa.com.br). Consequently, the urine was diluted to a 1:50 ratio. Picric acid (25 mmol/L) was added with a sodium hydroxide buffer (400 mmol/L) and Brij 35 (1 g/L) to 1:1. A total of two spectrophotometer readings were taken, the first one at the initial 30 s of the reaction and the second one at 90 s, using the 500 nm/ELISA filter. The correction factor used was calculated from the standard concentration (2 mg/dL), dividing the obtained result of the subtraction of the two readings. Values were obtained in mg/dL. The urinary concentration of sEng was adjusted to the glomerular function using the ratio sEng/creatinine (pg/mg/dL).
In vitro metabolism of HMTD and blood stability and toxicity of peroxide explosives (TATP and HMTD) in canines and humans
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Michelle D. Gonsalves, Lindsay McLennan, Angela L. Slitt, James L. Smith, Jimmie C. Oxley
Energetic materials can be classified by chemical structure; including nitrate esters, nitroaromatics, nitroamines, peroxide, and others. The toxicity of most military explosives is well-characterised, with even some therapeutic properties being identified. For example, nitrate ester explosives, such as nitroglycerine and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), are widely used as vasodilators to treat angina (FDA 2014). Ill side effects have been linked to other explosives. Nitroaromatic explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol), and tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine), may cause cytotoxicity, their metabolic pathways include single- or two-electron enzymatic reduction that forms radical species (Nemeikaite-Ceniene et al.2006). Nitroamine explosives, such as RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane) and HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazoctane), may be carcinogenic, their metabolic pathways promote the formation of N-nitroso species which cause genetic damage (Pan et al.2007). However, the metabolic pathways and toxicity of peroxide explosives, such as triacetone triperoxide (TATP) (Colizza et al.2019, Gonsalves et al.2020) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD, Figure 1) have not been thoroughly investigated.