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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Pectins are a complex group of polysaccharides composed mainly of chains of galacturonic acid interspersed with units of rhamnose and branched with chains of pentose and hexose units (17, 19). They are structural components of most plant cell walls as well as in the outer skin and rind of fruits and vegetables (17, 19). They also act as intercellular cementing substances and are almost completely metabolized by bacteria in colon. Pectins, highly water-soluble, form gels, and are hence used as gelling and thickening agents in various food products. Increasing pectin intake lowers serum cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Pectin lowers cholesterol by binding the cholesterol and bile acids in the gut and promoting their excretion (17, 19). High intake of pectin improves blood sugar levels and insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic and diabetic individuals (17–20). Due to their gelling behavior, these soluble polysaccharide fibers may decrease the rate of gastric emptying and influence small intestinal transit time (19). This explains their hypoglycemic properties. Pectins are mainly found in fruits and vegetables. For example, the rind of an orange contains 30% pectin, an apple peel 15%, and onion skin 12% (17). Commercial pectins are prepared mostly from some byproducts of the food industry, such as apple pulp, citrus peels, and sugar beet pulp.
Dietary Fibers And Colon Cancer*
Published in Herman Autrup, Gary M. Williams, Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis, 2019
Pectins — These polymers are more variable and contain β-1,4-D-galacturonic acids. Their total molecular weight ranges from approximately 60,000 to 90,000 and the major sugars of pectins include galactose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose, and fucose. Pectins are common fiber components of fruits and vegetables.19 The proportion of pectin that is water soluble increases with plant maturation. Water-insoluble pectin, or pro-topectin, is bound to other components, including cellulose, and may provide rigidity to the plant cell wall.20 The fate of ingested pectin in humans is uncertain, but it appears to be metabolized within the colon by bacterial enzymes.21
Thickening Agents
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Ricardo D’Agostino Garcia, Antony O’Lenick, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva
Apart from adding structure through gelation and viscosity buildup, pectin gels on the skin can provide moisture absorption while being skin friendly. When physically disrupted during processing, pectin gels can be used to formulate lotions and creams without the use of surfactants. Pectin is well known as the gel-forming component of fruits and as an ingredient of many food products. The inclusion of pectin on product labels is generally regarded favourably by consumers, as it is an easily recognizable natural ingredient. Applications include films and masks, lotions and creams, hair conditioners, and hairstyling products.
Potential applications of drug delivery technologies against radiation enteritis
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2023
Dongdong Liu, Meng Wei, Wenrui Yan, Hua Xie, Yingbao Sun, Bochuan Yuan, Yiguang Jin
Pectin, one of the most important polysaccharides, mainly consists of D-galacturonic acid units in chains by α-(1→4) glycosidic linkage. Pectin is biocompatible and mucoadhesive and is almost completely degraded by the colonic bacteria while not being susceptible to digestion by gastric or intestinal enzymes. A pectin/polyacrylamide hydrogel was prepared by N,N-methylene bisacrylamide covalent crosslinking, which had a low swelling rate in acidic environment and was only enzymatically degraded in the colon. An anti-inflammatory drug budesonide was loaded in the hydrogel and delivered to the colon based on pH/microbial enzyme response [127]. Pectin/starch hydrogels were prepared to encapsulate Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) by the extrusion method. Compared to free L. plantarum, the viability of encapsulated L. plantarum was significantly higher in the gastric acid and bile salt solutions [128]. Therefore, pectin/starch hydrogels may be used as a carrier of drugs or probiotics for RE treatment and prevention. A pH-sensitive colon-targeted delivery hydrogel was prepared by free radical polymerization of pectin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), methacrylic acid, and sulfasalazine was loaded. The hydrogel was degraded by the gut microbiota in the colon to make drugs accumulate in the colon [129].
Colon-specific tablets containing 5-fluorouracil microsponges for colon cancer targeting
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Mahmoud H. Othman, Gamal M. Zayed, Usama F. Ali, Ahmed A. H. Abdellatif
Pectin is a natural biopolymer that has numerous applications in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries. Pectin is used as an encroachment cover for many colon-specific medicines and deliveries [6,20,21]. Many techniques, particularly ionotropic gelation, coating, and matrix tablets, were employed in the development of pectin-based drug delivery systems. Along with their exact harmless toxicity profile, these basic strategies are a perfect and beneficial excipient of pectin for the current research and potential applications in the pharmaceutical industry [22,23]. HPMC is a synthetic retardant widely used in the drug supply and the pharmacy industry as an extended-release agent. It exhibits strong swelling and gelling [24]. The aim of adding HPMC and pectin was to improve the physicochemical properties of the film coating, including ductility, durability, and elasticity to improve the consistency of direct compression in the core tablets of the coating materials [25]. HPMC can inhibit penetration of the dissolution medium to the coat, so the tablets remain contact until reaching the colon [20,21].
Facile fabrication of a novel hybrid nanoparticles by self-assembling based on pectin-doxorubicin conjugates for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Peng-Ju Ye, Can Huang, Sa Yang, Pei Gao, Zhi-Ping Li, Si-Yue Tang, Ya Xiang, Yu-Feng Liu, Yu-Ping Chen, Dong-Xiu He, Cui-Yun Yu
Doxorubicin (DOX), a classical antineoplastic agent that has been widely used in HCC treatment, is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents approved by FDA [5,6]. However, therapeutic efficacy of DOX is challenged by its poor water solubility, rapid blood clearance, poor tumour selectivity and cardiotoxicity during chemotherapy [7–9]. In order to conquer the defects of DOX, researchers have been investigating effective ways to reduce its clinical toxicity and improve its treatment efficacy [10–16]. Macromolecular pro-drug delivery systems have been extensively studied for its attributes such as: chemical stability, sustained drug release, an increase in drug solubility and a reduced toxicity before metabolization occurs. Pectin is an anionic polysaccharide extracted from vegetable sources having many advantages, including good biocompatibility, hydrophilicity biodegradable properties and adjustable release properties [17]. Moreover, the hydrophilic glucosyl-galactose in pectin allow the pectin-based drug carriers to specially interact with the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) over-expressed on the surface of hepatoma cells [18,19]. In our previous study, we have prepared a macromolecular pro-drug based pectin-doxorubicin conjugates (PDC) via an amide condensation reaction [20,21]. Furthermore, the PDC macromolecular pro-drug self-assembles into a core-shell structure in water with DOX as a hydrophobic core and pectin as a hydrophilic shell. But the PDC macromolecular pro-drug still suffers from various drawbacks such as poor dispersibility, poor stability and irregular spherical shape [20].