China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Chemosensory Influences on Eating and Drinking, and Their Cognitive Mediation
Published in Alan R. Hirsch, Nutrition and Sensation, 2023
Presumably, the glutamate receptor on the human tongue has made it easier to recognize sources of protein. Glutamate is not an essential amino acid but it is the most abundant component of proteins and also occurs uncombined with other amino acids in the fluids of vegetables as well as meat and fish. However, most amino acids taste sweet and/or bitter and those with two acid groups, like glutamic acid, taste sour as well. Monosodium glutamate (MSG) stimulates all the other four types of taste receptor. Hence it was proposed that those of us think of the course of meat and vegetables in a main meal as savory transfer that concept to the complex mixture of tastes in the free glutamate ions and also the sodium ions inherent in those foods (Freeman, Richardson, Kendal-Reed, and Booth 1993). That is, the taste of glutamate could create a learned configural stimulus from mixtures of sugar, acid and whatever type of bitter substance stimulates a profile of those receptors similar to that by amino acid, plus the salt that is there as well.
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Other major constituents of the cell wall are hemicellulose and pectin. Hemicelluloses are polysaccharides that contain, in addition to D-glucose, other carbohydrates such as D-mannose, D-galactose, D-fucose, D-xylose, and L-arabinose. Pectin is a mixture of polymers from sugar acids, such as D-galacturonic acid (6).
Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Several texts review the chemistry and biology of glycosaminoglycans. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), formerly known as mucopolysaccharides, are the predominant feature of PGs. GAGs are long-chain polymers of repeating disaccharide units. Except for hyaluronan (HA), GAGs are sulfated, and so possess a very high negative charge density. These charges serve to repel neighboring GAG chains, when bound to PG subunits, causing a space-filling function. The attraction of water to GAGs gives compressive and load-bearing effects to PGs and cartilage. There are six major types of distinct GAGs, identifiable by the difference in sugar residues in the repeating disaccharide subunit. Table 1 lists the major GAGs and their sugar components. It can be seen that each repeating GAG subunit is comprised of an aminosugar (glucosamine or galactosamine to which sulfates are attached) and a sugar or sugar acid. Each subunit is repeated from several dozen to several hundred times per GAG chain, depending upon the type and tissue location.
The clinical impact of maternal weight on offspring health: lights and shadows in breast milk metabolome
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Flaminia Bardanzellu, Melania Puddu, Diego Giampietro Peroni, Vassilios Fanos
As for OW-OB, most metabolites found altered in the OW-OB BM compared to the lean ones could promote this condition in the long run: they belong to the class of oligosaccharides (reduction of Lacto-N-fucopentaose I, increase of Lacto-N-fucopentaose II), fatty acids (increase of SFAs and n-6 PUFAs, reduction of n-3/n-6 PUFAs, of essential FAs, MUFAs and PAHSA), amino acid derivatives (reduction of kynurenic acid), purine (increase of adenine), alcohol-sugar (increase of erythritol), sugar acids (increase of isothreonic acid), polyamines (reduction), shikimic acid (increase). Conversely, only a few metabolites potentially altered in BM of OW-OB mothers could exert a positive role on neonatal weight gain; they belong to the class of oligosaccharides (reduction of 2ΚΉ-Fucosyllactose and Lacto-N-hexaose) and monosaccharides (increase of mannose) and, for these metabolites, some protection against overweight was demonstrated in the offspring, long after birth.
Lactose-reduced infant formula with added corn syrup solids is associated with a distinct gut microbiota in Hispanic infants
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Roshonda B. Jones, Paige K. Berger, Jasmine F. Plows, Tanya L. Alderete, Joshua Millstein, Jennifer Fogel, Stanislav N. Iablokov, Dmitry A. Rodionov, Andrei L. Osterman, Lars Bode, Michael I. Goran
Functional gene assignments and metabolic reconstructions were performed using the SEED database and Web tools that allow subsystem-based analysis of ~6,000 bacterial genomes, including a subset of 2,660 reference human gut microbial genomes representing 690 species.36 The collection of curated metabolic subsystems includes (i) biosynthesis of essential nutrients (vitamins, amino acids), (ii) uptake and fermentation of carbohydrates including mono-, oligo-saccharides, sugar acids and alcohols, (iii) degradation of amino acids, and (iv) production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Details on how 16S rRNA sequence reads were used to determine metabolic phenotypes from the metabolic reconstruction can be found in the Supplemental Methods. For each phenotype, we obtained a Community Phenotype Index (CPI) which represent a fractional representation (on a scale 0β100%) of microbial cells with a metabolic phenotype.