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Head and neck
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
The orbital septum is a dense fibrous membrane from the periosteum of the orbital rim, to the tarsal plate separating orbital from periorbital tissues. Some describe the orbital septum as the middle lamella; it fuses with the posterior lamella at the tarsal plate.
The Genetics of the Frankia-Actinorhizal Symbiosis
Published in Peter M. Gresshoff, Molecular Biology of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, 2018
Pascal Simonet, Philippe Normand, Ann M. Hirsch, Antoon D. L. Akkermans
It is likely that Frankia could invade host roots using a biochemical process similar to that used by phytopathogenic bacteria. Indeed, many of the steps used by pathogenic and symbiotic organisms to invade the plant appear similar superficially. Pathogens produce pectate lyase which breaks down the middle lamella and primary cell wall of plant tissues.114 The genes coding for pectate lyase enzymes from Erwinia chrysanthemi, an enterobacterium pathogenic on many plants115 which produces various pectinases, cellulases, and proteases,116,117 have been cloned.118-120 Simonet et al.58a have found that Frankia DNA sequences exhibited sequence similarity to Erwinia genes coding for pectate lyase. They found that a great deal of sequence similarity exists between Frankia and E. chrysanthemi pel genes on the basis of hybridization intensity. The intensity of the heterologous hybridization band decreased only under conditions of high stringency. Frankia DNA exhibited a greater degree of hybridization to a pelA clone than to a pelD gene.
Intraoperative Surgical Techniques and Pearls—Special Considerations
Published in Alexander Berlin, Mohs and Cutaneous Surgery, 2014
Matteo C. LoPiccolo, Thomas E. Rohrer
The primary purpose of the eyelid is to protect the globe and to maintain a moist environment for the cornea. The principal goal in repairing defects of the lid and periorbital tissue is to fully restore these functions as well as to achieve a pleasing aesthetic outcome. Knowledge of lid anatomy is paramount to successfully accomplish these goals. It is useful for the surgeon to consider the eyelid as composed of posterior, middle, and anterior lamellae (Figure 3.1). The posterior lamella is the portion of the eyelid closest to the globe. It is composed of the conjunctiva that covers the inner surface of the lid and is continuous with that of the globe. The middle lamella consists of the firm connective tissue of the tarsal plate, as well as lid retractors and the orbital septum. The tarsus is important for providing structure and form to the lids. The anterior lamella comprises the pretarsal portion of the palpebral orbicularis oculi muscle and a thin layer of skin covering the anterior surface of the lid. The division between the anterior and posterior lamellae is demarcated along the lid margin by the gray line. This structure lies posterior to the lash line and anterior to the orifices of the Meibomian glands. It is important for the surgeon to visualize the gray line to ensure proper alignment during lid reconstruction (Figure 3.2).
A Systematic Approach of the Intrauterine Morphogenesis of the Human Palpebral Apparatus
Published in Organogenesis, 2022
Octavian Munteanu, Florin-Mihail Filipoiu, Monica Mihaela Cirstoiu, Roxana Elena Bohiltea, Tiberiu Augustin Georgescu, Adrian Dumitru, Andra-Ioana Băloiu, Mihai-Alin Publik, Ioan-Andrei Petrescu
The upper and bottom eyelids resemble each other in terms of the stratification of their multi-layered setup. Allegedly, specialists divide the eyelid into 3 lamellae: anterior, middle, posterior.1,2,4,5 The anterior lamella is represented by the skin and the Orbicularis Oculi Muscle (OO). The palpebral part of OO tightens the eye closure.2,4 The middle lamella refers to the Orbital Septum (OS), which is inserted at the level of Aditus Orbitae (Aditus Orbitalis, also known as the opening of the orbit).6 It separates the pretarsal structures from the underlying ones and acts as a secondary insertion point for Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle (LPS).4,7,8 The posterior lamella is composed of the Tarsal Plates (TP), LPS muscle, and Conjunctiva.1,2 TPs are 2 dense fibrous tissue masses that have a rather structural role, maintaining the lids in a steady position.4,8 Superior Tarsus is also attached to the Müllerian Muscle, or Müller’s Muscle, a smooth muscle strip deeply embedded between LPSs’ striate fibers, which contributes to the Sympathetic Tonus of the eyelid.1,2,5,9
Lower eyelid entropion in thyroid eye disease
Published in Orbit, 2022
Varshitha Hemanth Vasanthapuram, Milind N. Naik
UBM was performed in four eyes of two patients with bilateral medial entropion. Three distinct lamellae were appreciated in the lower lid as described previously in the literature.13 The middle lamella represents the tarsal plate superiorly and capsulopalpebral fascia (CPF) inferiorly.13 Thickening of this CPF layer was noted (Figure 3). The average thickness of the CPF along the medial limbal plane(MLP), mid-pupillary plane (MPP) and lateral limbal plane (LLP) were 0.86 mm (0.54–1.3 mm), 0.97 mm (0.65–1.27 mm) and 1.11 mm (0.61–1.61 mm) respectively. These measurements were higher in comparison to the CPF thickness in normal adults (0.42 mm) published previously.13 The statistical significance could not be determined owing to the small sample size of four eyelids. The CPF was hypoechoic with a few hyperechoic to diffuse hyperechoic spots within different planes.
Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using pectin as a reducing agent: a systematic review of the biological activities
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Kogilavanee Devasvaran, Vuanghao Lim
Green synthesis is described as the eco-friendly method of synthesising nanoparticles using plant, plant compounds, or microbial resources rather than harmful chemicals as a reducing agent (Park 2014). Pectin extracted from the middle lamella and cell walls of plants is soluble in water, making it a vital reducing agent for the synthesis of nanoparticles (Voragen et al. 2009; Daher & Braybrook 2015; Rana et al. 2019). Furthermore, due to its availability, cost-effectiveness, non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable nature (Liu et al. 2003; Das et al. 2011; Meneguin et al. 2014; Devendiran et al. 2016; Kumari et al. 2016), pectin is often studied for various purposes.