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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Proteins can be found in a wide range of food (animals, plants, microalgae, mushrooms and their byproducts). However, the quantity of proteins and the distribution of amino acids in proteins can vary greatly in different species. Complete proteins are found in meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, and cheese, while proteins present in plant foods are incomplete proteins and are of a lower biologic quality than those found in animal foods (5). Even so, some plant foods are important sources of protein such as soybeans, navy beans, pinto beans, split peas, chickpeas, peanuts corn, grains, nuts, sunflower seeds, and sesame seeds (5). The soybean is notable not only for its total protein content but the quality of soy protein which is higher than that of other plant proteins and similar to animal protein; therefore, soy is often consumed by vegans and vegetarians (47, 65). Soy foods such as tofu, natto (a fermented soybean), and soy milk, have long been recognized as sources of high-quality protein and healthful fat, but over the past 25 years these foods have been rigorously investigated for their role in chronic disease prevention and treatment (65).
Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
The intake of legumes (which include dietary pulses, soybeans, peanuts, fresh peas, and beans) is recommended for lowering LDL cholesterol and blood pressure (Viguiliouk et al., 2019). Mechanisms for how legumes may have this effect include fiber content of legumes. A study of a sample of US adults found that on an average day, only 7.9% of adults consume dry beans and peas (Mitchell et al., 2009). In this sample, daily consumption of ½ a cup of pulses (dry beans or peas) was associated with higher intakes of fiber, protein, folate, zinc, iron, and magnesium. Perhaps also important was the association with lower intakes of saturated fat and total fat.
Towards the Importance of Fenugreek Proteins
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Allergenicity risks of legumes might include mild skin reaction, oral allergy or extreme anaphylactic reactions. Allergenic legumes are reported in the order of peanut > soybean > lentil > chickpea > pea > mung bean. Allergenic proteins of peanut, as the most serious potential allergen among legumes, are reported as peanut profilin (Ara h 5), pathogenesis-related (PR-10), pollen protein (Ara h 8), prolamins (Ara h 2, Ara h 6, Ara h 7, and Ara h 9), cupins (Ara h 1, Ara h 3, and Ara h 4) and oleosins (Ara h 10 and Ara h 11) (Fæste et al., 2010). Allergenic legumes proteins usually show high resistance to prolonged heat treatments or extensive proteolysis (Carbonaro et al., 2014). Research studies indicate that sensitization might happen in peanut allergic patients by consumption of fenugreek-containing foods, probably owing to extensive cross-reactivity between these two legumes. Cross‐reactivity occurs when one antibody binds to different allergens due to highly similar epitopes, homologous proteins containing conserved sequence motifs (Vinge et al., 2012). Such cross-reactivity between other members of the Leguminosae family such as peanut, soy, and lupin has previously been documented (Lallès & Peltre, 1996; Jensen et al., 2008; Fæste et al., 2010).
Pea Starch-Lauric Acid Complex Alleviates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6J Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Nina Qin, Yan Meng, Zhihua Ma, Zhaoping Li, Zhenzhen Hu, Chenyi Zhang, Liyong Chen
Peas are classified as starch-rich legumes. The amylose content of pea starch ranges between 29.4% and 65%, making it suitable as a raw material for the preparation of resistant starch (22). The starch-lipid complex is a helical V-type complex formed with amylose and fatty acids (23) and is further defined as a type 5 RS. Research regarding starch-lipid complexes has mainly focused on their preparation and physicochemical properties, and less on their functional properties, especially their effects on colitis. In this study, pea starch and lauric acid were used to prepare a pea starch-lauric acid complex (RS5). We then examined the effect of RS5 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis characteristics, serum, and colon inflammatory cytokines expression levels, intestinal mucosal barrier, and gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of RS5 in the prevention of intestinal-related diseases and improve the knowledge of the clinical practice.
Palmitoylethanolamide: A Potential Alternative to Cannabidiol
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2023
Paul Clayton, Silma Subah, Ruchitha Venkatesh, Mariko Hill, Nathasha Bogoda
Five decades of literature documenting PEA’s therapeutic efficacy show good safety and tolerability in humans and animals (107, 184). Numerous clinical trials involving more than 1,500 subjects have demonstrated no adverse effects (107, 184), with doses of 300–1,200mg per day being studied extensively in both healthy and sick populations (97, 102, 131, 185). Furthermore, PEA carries a minimal risk of toxicity and genotoxic potential (185, 186). Results from an acute oral toxicity study determined PEA’s LD50 to be >2000mg/kg body weight (185), while 14 and 90-day repeat dose toxicity studies reported its No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) to be >1000mg/kg body weight/day (185), the highest dose tested which is equivalent to a human dose of >9.7 g/day (185, 186). A recent prenatal developmental toxicity study found PEA to be well tolerated and safe in pregnant rats at doses up to 1,000 mg/kg body weight/day (186). This dose was thus determined as the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of PEA for maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity and teratogenicity (186). PEA has not been found to produce any drug-drug interactions (187, 188), further supporting its safety in a range of populations.
Naturally Occurring Cannabinoids and their Role in Modulation of Cardiovascular Health
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2020
Elnaz Karimian Azari, Aileen Kerrigan, Annalouise O’Connor
In a mouse model of atherosclerosis (ApoE-/- mice fed a western diet), daily dosing of PEA for 4 weeks reduced atherosclerotic lesion size in early disease. In established disease, PEA improved aspects of plaque stability, including reduced macrophage accumulation, reduced necrotic core size, increased collagen deposition and reduced M1-type macrophages markers. Additionally, PEA was seen to enhance macrophage efferocytosis via GPR55 signaling (Rinne et al. 2018). These findings led to the first clinical study using PEA on endothelial function and intra-occular pressure. In a randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study in individuals with occular hypertension, 300 mg PEA twice daily for 3 months improved endothelial function (flow mediated dilatation) and intra-occular pressure compared with placebo intervention (Strobbe et al. 2013). Further clinical studies will be needed to clarify the cardioprotective role of PEA in a near future.