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Natural Products from the Amazon Region as Potential Antimicrobials
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Josiane E. A. Silva, Iasmin L. D. Paranatinga, Elaine C. P. Oliveira, Silvia K. S. Escher, Ananda S. Antonio, Leandro S. Nascimento, Patricia P. Orlandi, Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior
Another highly bioactive sesquiterpene is α-humulene (HML) (Fig. 2.5), an isomer of BCP. This compound can be isolated from the EOs of Amazonian plant species like Eupatorium odoratum, Salvia officinalis, Copaifera reticulata, Mentha spicata and Myrica rubra. HML has proven to be an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidepressant, anticarcinogenic, anti-Alzheimer’s agent, anesthetic and anti-hypertensive. The spectra of biological activities associated with HML is related to its interaction with several enzymes and neural receptors, such as prostaglandin G/H synthase 2, alcohol dehydrogenases, norepinephrine transporter and the 4 aminobutyric acid receptors.
Depigmenting Agents
Published in Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan, Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
Vaccines using melanoma-associated antigen were reported by many authors to produce depigmentation by eliciting an autoimmune response directed against malignant but also normal melanocytes. 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone and 4-n-butylresorcinol not only inhibit tyrosinase but also act as cytotoxic agents as they are oxidized to their quinonic forms, leading to a double effect. Hydroquinone in higher concentrations of more than 4%, IFN-gamma, and alkylating agent busulfan should be further investigated as topical depigmenting agents for use in human beings with vitiligo universalis. Some compounds like N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol, N-2,4-acetoxyphenyl thioethyl acetamide, and N-hydroxycinnamoyl-phenalkylamides have been proposed as anti-melanoma drugs as well as for use as hypopigmenting agents. Ethanolic extracts of Myrica rubra dried leaves have shown good depigmenting effects in vitro and pseudo superoxide dismutase activity. They contain quercetin, myricetin, and some 3-O-rhamnoside derivatives. In vivo studies have been recommended to evaluate their potential use as depigmenting agents [39]. Taking into consideration recent findings on the possible role of immune adjuvants such as imiquimod, CpG oligonucleotides, and heat shock proteins in melanocyte destruction, supplementing the depigmenting effect of MBEH with such adjuvants has been suggested [40].
Essential Oils as Carrier Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Romana Aichinger, Gerhard Buchbauer
Myrica rubra from the Myricaceae family delivers the EO that comes to operation in treating cancer cell lines with the cytostatic doxorubicin. It consists mostly of sesquiterpenes which are known to promote skin permeability, namely β-caryophyllene oxide, α-humulene, trans-nerolidol, and valencene. The constituents not only enhance the penetration of doxorubicin, they possess anticancer and anti-proliferative activity themselves. So, they can act synergistically and improve the effect of doxorubicin as they increase its efficacy and accumulation beside the increase of reactive oxygen species formation. For doxorubicin, it is important to be enhanced by the EO and its components, because many cancer cell lines react with resistance by increasing drug efflux, more precisely, by increasing the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters that can be inhibited by the sesquiterpenes. However, the effect of the sesquiterpenes from M. rubra EO and doxorubicin depends on the cancer cell lines. Sesquiterpenes can only influence doxorubicin efficacy in the sensitive and partly resistant cancer cells, but not in completely resistant cells (Ambrož et al., 2017).
Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in isolated proximal tubules of mouse: the in vitro effects of myricitrin and its solid lipid nanoparticle
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Akram Ahangarpour, Ali Akbar Oroojan, Layasadat Khorsandi, Maryam Kouchak, Mohammad Badavi
The hyperglycemic condition induces oxidative stress, inflammation and attenuates natural antioxidant defenses. Oxidative stress can impair cellular function via oxidized membrane lipids or inactive enzymes (Shokrzadeh et al.2017). Kidney tubular function changes during hyperglycemia (Hyper). Recently, it has been observed that the hyperglycemic medium initiates oxidative stress in both mesangial and kidney tubular epithelial cells leading to their dysfunction and apoptosis via the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Manda et al.2015). Hyper can cause an up-regulation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression by increasing oxidative stress. TGF-β and NF-κB have deleterious effects on the pathogenesis of various diabetic complications by the decreased capacity of the cellular antioxidant defense. Flavonoids and related phenolic compounds protect various cell types from oxidative stress through different mechanisms such as direct and indirect antioxidant activities (Han et al.2005). Myricitrin (Myr) is a natural flavonoid glycoside belonging to the flavonol subgroup. It is abundantly distributed in the fruits, branches, bark and leaves of Myrica rubra. Myr has antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and antifibrotic activities (Wang et al.2017). Our previous research revealed that this plant-derived antioxidant improves hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and decreases the cellular apoptosis of myotubes (Ahangarpour et al.2018a).
The impact of sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene oxide and trans-nerolidol on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in mice in vivo
Published in Xenobiotica, 2018
Kateřina Lněničková, Hana Svobodová, Lenka Skálová, Martin Ambrož, Filip Novák, Petra Matoušková
To monitor the immediate effect of selected sesquiterpenes, enzymatic activities and mRNA levels of the enzymes catalyzing phase I or phase II of xenobiotics metabolism were studied in liver and small intestine of mice that were administered by single dose of sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene oxide (CAO) or trans-nerolidol (NER) per orally. These sesquiterpenes are present in large number of plants worldwide, CAO e.g. in basil (Ocimum spp.) and salvia (Salvia glutinosa), NER e.g. in pepper (Piper spp.), conifer tree (Fokienia hodginsii) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia). Both can be found in essential oil from Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) leaves (Chan et al., 2016; Fidyt et al., 2016; Langhasova et al., 2014). Mice were affected by one of the sesquiterpenes for 6 or 24 h. The tested enzymes comprise the most important detoxifying enzymes: from cytochromes P450 (CYPs) we determined CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B, CYP3A, CYP2C9, from group of reduction enzymes we focused on carbonyl reductase 1/3 (CBR1/3), NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and aldo-ketoreductases (AKR) isoforms AKR1A1, AKR1C. Phase II enzymes in our study are represented by glutathione S-transferase (GST), UDP-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT).
Blueberry extract as a potential pharmacological tool for preventing depressive-like behavior and neurochemical dysfunctions in mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Luiza Spohr, Karina Pereira Luduvico, Mayara Sandrielly Pereira Soares, Natália Pontes Bona, Pathise Souto Oliveira, Julia Eisenhardt de Mello, Fernando Lopez Alvez, Fernanda Cardoso Teixeira, Anelize de Oliveira Campello Felix, Francieli Moro Stefanello, Roselia Maria Spanevello
It is well established that LPS activates TLR4, leading to NF-κB activation, a pathway that upregulates expression of proinflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecules and iNOS [65]. It has been widely shown that anthocyanins modulate the inflammatory response. A recent study showed that anthocyanin-rich Juçara pulp (Euterpe edulis Mart.) inhibited the inflammatory response by reducing NF-κB phosphorylation in the hypothalamus [66]. In addition, purified anthocyanin extract from Myrica rubra has been shown to reduce TLR4 expression in the brain [67].