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Small Animal Models for the Study of Necrotizing Enterocolitis and “NEC-in-a-Dish”
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Mark L. Kovler, Chhinder P. Sodhi, David J. Hackam
In the mouse NEC model, pups are separated from their mother and housed in a neonatal incubator at 32°C; maternal separation is performed so as to eliminate the possibility of breastmilk feeding by the dam. Pups are then gavage-fed formula five times daily. We have typically used a 2:1 ratio of Abbott Nutrition Similac Advance infant formula and PetAg Esbilac canine milk replacer, 43 mL/kg. The formula is supplemented with enteric bacteria isolated from the stool of an infant with NEC to reconstitute the microbiome. In addition, mice are subjected to brief periods of hypoxia (10 minutes at 5% O2, 95% N2) twice daily to mimic the frequent apneic/bradycardic episodes that occur. After 4 days, the mouse intestine exhibits a similar pattern to human disease (2, 6, 29). This experimental approach induces patchy intestinal ischemia and necrosis, luminal dilation, and mucosal inflammation, accompanied by histologic features of epithelial sloughing and edema, with great similarity to human NEC at the histologic, microbiologic, and genetic levels of analysis (10, 20, 31–34) (Figure 43.2).
Beneficial Lactic Acid Bacteria
Published in K. Balamurugan, U. Prithika, Pocket Guide to Bacterial Infections, 2019
Probiotics fed to ruminant livestock have been shown to decrease scours in neonatal calves, to promote milk yields in dairy cows, decrease morbidity in newly weaned calves and new calves at the feedlot, and increase daily gains and carcass weight in feedlot cattle. Moreover, strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were shown to reduce fecal shedding of E. coli by feedlot cattle at harvest time (Krehbiel et al. 2003). Feeding microbial inoculum of Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus salivarius, and Pediococcus acidilactici with milk replacer, when young calves consumed a large quantity of spray-dried whey powder generating intestinal imbalance, promoted earlier consumption of starter, and indirectly, may have stimulated earlier development of the rumen, omasum, and reticulum, favoring early weaning. Inoculated calves showed better growth performance, which could be related to improved digestion of lactose and spray-dried whey proteins (Frizzo et al. 2010). LAB are able to inhibit E. coli, preventing metritis development in dairy postpartum cows mainly by acid production (Otero et al. 2006). Steers fed with Enterococcus faecium EF212 had numerically lower concentrations of blood CO2 than control steers, which is consistent with a reduced risk of metabolic acidosis (Ghorbani et al. 2002).
Beef and Dairy
Published in Joyce D’Silva, John Webster, The Meat Crisis, 2017
The majority of beef produced in Europe and UK comes from calves born to dairy cows, separated from their mothers shortly after birth, reared at first on milk replacer, then weaned onto a mixed ration of forage and concentrates. The exact system of feeding and housing will be governed in part by local conditions of climate and feed availability. However, the main factor determining the rearing system will be the phenotype (body shape) of the calf. The traditional Friesian dairy cow was, in fact, a dual-purpose animal. Male calves born to Friesian calves mated with Friesian bulls are sufficiently well muscled to make good-quality beef, although, unlike classic beef breeds such as Hereford and Aberdeen Angus, they are typically fattened in yards on a mixture of concentrates and conserved silage because it is unprofitable to finish them at grass.
Dietary sialylated oligosaccharides in early-life may promote cognitive flexibility during development in context of obesogenic dietary intake
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Caroline Clouard, Inonge Reimert, Stephen A. Fleming, Sietse-Jan Koopmans, Teun Schuurman, Jonas Hauser
The milk intervention lasted from 2 to 11 weeks of age (pigs were weaned on postnatal days 14 and 12 for cohorts 1 and 2-3, respectively). At 2 weeks of age, formula-fed pigs were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 milk formulas, enriched with a different oligosaccharide mixture. Pigs were fed milk replacer with either no additional oligosaccharides (Con), a mixture of fucosylated (2′-fucosyllactose and di-fucosyllactose) and neutral (lacto-N-tetraose and lacto-N-neotetraose) oligosaccharides (FN, 4 g/L), sialylated oligosaccharides (3′- and 6′-sialyllactose) (SL, 0.68 g/L), or both FN and SL (FN + SL, 4 g/L). See Tables 1 and 2 for a description of the ingredient and nutrient composition. Milk replacer was fed three times per day according to body weight to provide approximately 65 g milk replacer powder (325 ml milk) per kg body weight per day. Sow-reared pigs were allowed to suckle, thus receiving porcine milk up until weaning. After weaning at 10–11 weeks of age, formula-fed and SR pigs were fed a high-energy, pelleted, obesogenic diet twice per day (Supplemental Table 1 for ingredient composition). Generally, the sample size was n = 12 pigs for each group, with n = 8 in the SR group. Eight extra pigs were included in the control group during Period 1 for additional analyses, but these were not included in Period 2 or 3. Final sample sizes of each group for each behavioral test are described in Supplemental Table 2.
Interactions between host and gut microbiota in domestic pigs: a review
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Yadnyavalkya Patil, Ravi Gooneratne, Xiang-Hong Ju
Supplementation of weaning pig diets with probiotics functions to compete with pathogenic bacteria for nutrition resulting in competitive exclusion of the harmful bacterial strains.94 The inclusion of specific probiotics, namely, L. casei ssp. casei, L. reuteri and L. acidophilus, during the suckling period and fortification of the piglet diet with probiotics and prebiotics during the post-weaning period serves to markedly improve growth rate and body weight gain.95 Higher counts of Lactobacillus spp. and lower E. coli counts in feces were also observed in these animals. Further, in pigs, the diversity of anaerobic bacteria was found to increase from day 13 to day 16 after birth, with detection of dominant anaerobes such as Eubacterium, Fusobacterium and Propionibacterium.55 This was attributed to the introduction of milk replacer from day 14 onwards. The same study also found changes in the intestinal microbiota after the introduction of the weaning diet beginning 35 days after birth.
Dietary polydextrose and galactooligosaccharide increase exploratory behavior, improve recognition memory, and alter neurochemistry in the young pig
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2019
Stephen A. Fleming, Supida Monaikul, Alexander J. Patsavas, Rosaline V. Waworuntu, Brian M. Berg, Ryan N. Dilger
Pigs fed PDX/GOS exhibited reduced BW over the course of the study, however the rate of growth and ultimate BW were well within the normal range for artificially reared pigs.38 It may be likely that the reduction in BW is related to modulation of satiety, and thus food intake, which may be surmised from a previous study where Wistar rats fed GOS exhibited reduced food intake and increased expression of the satiety-related peptides PYY and proglucagon.39 However, several studies in human infants and rodents have shown that feeding with the combination of PDX and GOS or GOS alone produced negligible differences in body weight.18,19,40 In our study, milk replacer was provisioned in a feeding paradigm designed to mimic ingestion patterns for sow-reared pigs, and it should be noted that we were not able to accurately quantify food intake. Thus, we cannot definitively conclude that the reduction in BW gain was due to reduced food intake.