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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
The question has been raised (but not answered) whether contact allergy to isoconazole and other (nitro)imidazoles may be overrepresented in patients allergic to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI (11).
Preservation and Preservatives
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) (Figure 12.4c) is one of the most widely used preservatives. It is a broad-spectrum preservative system, effective at extremely low concentrations. It is usually supplied as a 1.5% active aqueous solution, stabilised with high concentrations of magnesium salts to prevent degradation of the MCI component.
Poikiloderma of Civatte
Published in Dimitris Rigopoulos, Alexander C. Katoulis, Hyperpigmentation, 2017
Alexander C. Katoulis, Nikolaos G. Stavrianeas
It has been speculated that photoactive substances in perfumes and cosmetics possibly induce a photoallergic or photoxic reaction that triggers the disease process.2 Patch testing was performed in 32 PC patients, using the European standard series and the fragrances series.9 Thirteen (40.62%) had one or more positive reactions to allergens of the standard series. Nickel sulfate was the most common cause of contact sensitization (18.75%). Eight patients (25%) had positive reactions to fragrance mix and/or balsam of Peru or to allergens of the fragrance series. A statistically significant difference in the frequency of positive reactions to fragrances between the PC group and the control group (χ2 value = 3.91, p < 0.05) was documented. Photopatch testing with the photoallergens series was negative in all patients.9 Phototesting with a monochromator showed in all cases a minimal erythemal dose within normal limits for all ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths examined.9 Based on positive patch testing results, a role for methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (Kathon) in the development of PC has been proposed.11 Vachiramon and Wattanakrai reported a 49-year-old woman with PC and a positive photopatch testing reaction to 6-methylcoumarin (found in the patient’s perfume), suggesting that photoallergic contact sensitization may also play an important role.12 It appears that at least in a subset of PC patients, contact or photocontact sensitization, mostly to perfume ingredients, may play a pathogenetic role.
Tolerability of hair cleansing conditioners: a double-blind randomized, controlled trial designed to evaluate consumer complaints to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2020
Erin M. Warshaw, Jamie P. Schlarbaum, Yujie L. Liou, Rebecca S. Kimyon, Amy J. Zhang, Anne B. Nikle, Andrew D. Monnot, Sara A. Hylwa
The FDA does not require safety tests for personal care products/ingredients, but several have been performed. An analysis of WCDSAMCC’s ingredients8 identified several potential allergens including methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone9, stearamidopropyl dimethylamine10 and botanicals/fragrances11. These ingredients, however, are commonplace as ≥1 are present in ≥20 000/70 000 personal care products12. Separate analyses have found that the ingredients are within regulatory limits13,14, and that the product does not elicit irritation or immunogenic responses in vitro15,16. High heat stability tests found no degradation or break-down products17.
Best practices, new perspectives and the perfect emollient: optimizing the management of contact dermatitis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Jean-Marie Lachapelle, Ana Gimenez-Arnau, Martin Metz, Jill Peters, Ehrhardt Proksch
Furthermore, the nature of the CD reaction does not differ between children and adults. While certain patterns of dermatitis are observed and are more typical of CD in children, the same eczema symptoms are seen regardless of age, and approaches to management should therefore be similar. The most common allergens in children are cosmetic ingredients, topical medicaments, and footwear, which exhibit distinctive dermatitis patterns in characteristic areas of the skin: CD due to cosmetic ingredients is typically seen in the face, hands or joints; CD due to topical medicaments is typically seen in the ear or anogenital region; and as would be expected, CD due to footwear is typically limited to the feet (59). Allergens in children with suspected ACD are determined using patch testing (43); when using the patch test in children, it is proposed that the baseline series of test allergens is reduced to 9, rather than the 30 used in adults (43), due to body space limitations and risk of active sensitization, as per the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Inmunology recommendations (59). This series includes the most common allergens affecting children, including nickel sulfate, fragrance mix I and II, and the preservatives methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI), and MI. However, some significant allergens are excluded from the series, including Balsam of Peru and cobalt chloride, which are important to consider (43,56).
Undeclared formaldehyde levels in patient consumer products: formaldehyde test kit utility
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2019
Jason E. Ham, Paul D. Siegel, Howard Maibach
Recent years have seen a decreased usage of methylisothiazolinone (MI) as a preservative for aqueous components used in the production of a manufacturer’s final product. It is suspected that the high frequency of MI ACD may be influencing companies to substitute other preservatives in place of MI (and methylchloroisothiazolinone, MCI), including substitution with a formaldehyde releaser. Confirmation of the presence of a known or suspected allergen/proallergen from products associated with ACD is essential for patient disease management and although the utility of semi-quantitative chemical reaction-based spot test may have value, this remains an area where greater manufacturers’ cooperation is needed.