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Monographs of Topical Drugs that Have Caused Contact Allergy/Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
The question has been raised (but not answered) whether contact allergy to isoconazole and other (nitro)imidazoles may be overrepresented in patients allergic to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI (11).
Consumer Safety Considerations of Cosmetic Preservation*
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
Corie A. Ellison, Alhaji U. N’jai, Donald L. Bjerke
The concerns regarding contact allergy can sometimes be the main factor in determining what is a safe and supportable level of a preservative is in a finished product. The SCCS has published opinions for multiple preservatives where the end decision was based on the contact allergy potential of the preservative. Such examples include the usage limits determined for methylisothiazolinone (one trade name is Neolone 950®) and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (one trade name is Kathon CG®), the labeling requirement for chloroacetamide, and the usage bans for methyldibromoglutaronitrile (one trade name is Tektamer®) and benzisothiazoline (4–8).
Cleansing of Hair
Published in Dale H. Johnson, Hair and Hair Care, 2018
Preservatives are required in shampoos to safeguard against microbial actions that could cause spoilage of the product or, more importantly, pose a health hazard to consumers. The choice of a proper preservative system in shampoo is becoming more critical with the increasing uses of nonionic surfactants and other additives, such as proteins, gums and vitamins, that are believed to support the growth and propagation of microorganisms—in particular the gram-negative family of Pseudomonas (197–199). Formaldehyde used to be popular, but has since been largely replaced because of toxicological concerns. Other compounds that are found to be effective preservatives and are frequently used in shampoos (181,200) are methyl and propyl para-hydroxybenzoates alone or in combination with imidazolidinyl urea, methylisothiazolinone, methyloldiethyl-hydantoin(DMDMH), methychloroisothiazolinone, and N-(3-chloroallyl)hexaminium chloride (Quaternium 15). The selection of a suitable preservative, however, must be customized for a specific shampoo formulation to achieve the proper trade-off among efficacy, safety, and compatibility (201–205).
Impact of mono-culture vs. Co-culture of keratinocytes and monocytes on cytokine responses induced by important skin sensitizers
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2021
Venkatanaidu Karri, Carola Lidén, Nanna Fyhrquist, Johan Högberg, Hanna L. Karlsson
Induction of contact allergy (sensitization) results in lifelong susceptibility to developing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) by subsequent skin exposure to the allergens. Epidemiological studies show that at least 20% of the general population in Europe, North America and Asia suffer from contact allergies (Alinaghi et al. 2019). ACD can have a serious impact on the quality of life and represents a common occupational health problem, owing particularly to hand eczema (Meding et al. 2005). ACD results from an overreaction of the adaptive immune system and involves two phases; the induction phase and a subsequent elicitation phase (Martin 2015). Patch testing with a baseline series, including metals, fragrances, preservatives, and additional substances, is used to diagnose contact allergy; but numerous other chemicals have also been shown to cause contact allergy (Johansen et al. 2015). Indeed, many metal ions are well known to cause ACD with cobalt (Co) being the most frequently sensitizing metal after nickel (Thyssen and Menné 2010; Alinaghi et al. 2019). Among preservatives causing ACD, isothiazolinones – including methylisothiazolinone (MI), are frequently and abundantly found in cosmetics and non-cosmetic products (Lidén et al. 2016; Schwensen et al. 2017). Several aromatic amine precursors found in hair dyes, such as p-phenylenediamine (PPD), are known to cause ACD (Lidén et al. 2016; Alinaghi et al. 2019; Ferguson et al. 2019).
Best practices, new perspectives and the perfect emollient: optimizing the management of contact dermatitis
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2018
Jean-Marie Lachapelle, Ana Gimenez-Arnau, Martin Metz, Jill Peters, Ehrhardt Proksch
An additional key subcategory of CD is airborne CD (ABCD), where dermatitis arises due to airborne agents. While not as widely discussed as other subsets of dermatitis, ABCD is becoming increasingly prevalent, primarily due to rising global temperatures, which create a wider niche for insects and consequently new airborne allergens. For example, the processionary caterpillar Thaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff, which produces the irritant thaumetopoein, has spread into parts of Northern Europe from the south of France, with populations of the caterpillar identified in Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK (17). ABCD is particularly prevalent in outdoor recreational settings and occupations associated with poor ventilation, such as factory environments (18). Common causative agents that can induce ABCD include fibers, such as glass wool or rock wool, and dust particles (19), as well as a range of other compounds (e.g. the preservative methylisothiazolinone (MI) has been reported as a causative agent of ABCD in painters (20)).
Undeclared formaldehyde levels in patient consumer products: formaldehyde test kit utility
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2019
Jason E. Ham, Paul D. Siegel, Howard Maibach
Recent years have seen a decreased usage of methylisothiazolinone (MI) as a preservative for aqueous components used in the production of a manufacturer’s final product. It is suspected that the high frequency of MI ACD may be influencing companies to substitute other preservatives in place of MI (and methylchloroisothiazolinone, MCI), including substitution with a formaldehyde releaser. Confirmation of the presence of a known or suspected allergen/proallergen from products associated with ACD is essential for patient disease management and although the utility of semi-quantitative chemical reaction-based spot test may have value, this remains an area where greater manufacturers’ cooperation is needed.