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Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a tropical tree native to Southeast Asia that produces a fruit whose pericarp contains a family of tricyclic isoprenylated xanthones. The rind and other parts of the partially ripe mangosteen fruit yields mangostin (Figure 12.11), along with the related xanthonoids gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin, and normangostin. Mangostin can be isolated as a yellow crystalline solid and has significant antioxidant properties.
Anti-Cancer Agents from Natural Sources
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Felipe Gonzalez
Xanthones are a group of naturally occurring compounds. Currently, over 200 xanthones are knownworldwide (see Figure 5.13). About 50 xanthone derivatives are originated in the pericarp of the purple mangosteen plant (Garcinia mangostana). The mangosteen plant uses xanthones and tannins to promote astringe effect on invading insects and fungi (Demirkiran et al., 2007). Xanthones are oxyheterocyclic ketones that can be classified into five subgroups: simple oxygenated xanthones, prenylated, xanthonolignoids, xanthone glycosides, and miscellaneous (Matsumoto et al., 2004). Recent research (in vitro) in leukemia, glioblastoma, and even melanoma cell lines has shown great promise of α-mangostin (axanthones derivative) for further study. The active compound α-mangostin is an important xanthone derivative that can be found within the skin of the mangosteen fruit. It was thought to contain limited anticancer activity, until a group of researchers reported an α-mangostin-induced apoptosis in human leukemia (HL60) cell lines. Matsumoto et al., (2004) conducted research on α-mangostin. It was concluded that α-mangostin could increase caspase-3 level in HL60 cells to adopt apoptosis by targeting the mitochondria in early cancer development. This effect, in turn, decreasesthe membrane potential (deltapsim). In HCC cells, it was (Hsieh et al., 2013) reported that α-mangostin could promote nuclear chromatin condensation and arrest in the sub-G1 phase to stop cellular division.
Plant-Based Natural Products Against Huntington’s Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Banadipa Nanda, Samapika Nandy, Anuradha Mukherjee, Abhijit Dey
The absolute bioavailability of α-mangostin, another reported anti-HD phytochemical, was also increased in animals when administered orally as a soft capsule [135]. Similarly, unmatched biochemical properties of celastrol were nullified by nanoencapsulation, which also contributed to its enhanced bioactive efficacy [102]. It has also been reported that the self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) dispersible tablet can be the mode of oral administration for celastrol [90].
Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid inhibits biofilm formation and suppresses the virulence of Listeria monocytogenes
Published in Biofouling, 2023
Yuxi Yue, Kai Zhong, Yanping Wu, Hong Gao
A further study on the ability of PCA to reduce the pre-established 24-hour-old L. monocytogenes biofilm was performed. Quantification of biofilm biomass using the crystal violet assay demonstrated that PCA exhibited no obvious eliminating ability on mature biofilms of L. monocytogenes at concentrations of 0.188–1.500 mg ml−1 (Table 1). The limited effect is postulated to be mainly due to the increased resistance of bacteria within preformed biofilm, which was greater than that of planktonic culture by a factor of between 10 and 1,000 (Parra-Ruiz et al. 2010). In addition, the degree of bacterial resistance can be correlated with the extracellular matrix, quorum sensing and bacterial persistence (Li, Tan, et al. 2020). It is postulated that PCA can impede the early-stage L. monocytogenes biofilm development but fails to eliminate mature biofilms. Previous research on α-mangostin revealed a consistent result. When supplemented at the initial stage, α-mangostin was sufficient to interrupt Acinetobacter baumannii biofilm formation, while it failed to disintegrate the mature biofilm (24 h old), even at a 10-fold biofilm inhibitory concentration (Sivaranjani et al. 2018). In light of these findings, it is suggested that the prevention of bacterial adhesion plays a vital role in defeating biofilm, as it is arduous to dismantle a biofilm once it is established.
Dietary Phytochemicals as a Potential Source for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Prasath Manogaran, Devan Umapathy, Manochitra Karthikeyan, Karthikkumar Venkatachalam, Anbu Singaravelu
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cancer, causing death in the USA and the five-year survival rate is only 6% (35,45,46). The incidence of breast cancerwas estimated in 2020, as per that the 57,600 new cases and 47,050deaths were expected in the United States (28). PC exhibits the poor prognostic and late/lacks diagnostic markers, resistant to chemotherapy/radiotherapy. α‐Mangostin is a xanthonoid derived from Mangosteen. The α‐Mangostin has antioxidant, anticancer, and anti‐inflammatory properties associated with human healthcare (47–51). The Gli proteins are the effectors of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which plays a crucial role in the self‐renewal and pluripotency of CSCs. α‐Mangostin inhibits the Gli transcription factors such as NANOG, OCT4, c‐Myc, SOX‐2, and KLF4 in pancreatic cancer cells. Further, it directly inhibiting the Nanog, which prevents the promotion of Cdk2, Cdk6, FGF4, and c‐Myc in pancreatic cancer stem cells (52).
Mucoadhesive chitosan and thiolated chitosan nanoparticles containing alpha mangostin for possible Colon-targeted delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2021
Wipada Samprasit, Praneet Opanasopit, Benchawan Chamsai
Figure 2(b) shows the PXRD patterns for α-mangostin, NPs and their PMs. X-ray patterns were used to investigate the crystallization of α-mangostin and NPs. The halo pattern of α-mangostin indicated an amorphous structure of the extracted α-mangostin. The diffractogram of PMs between CS or TCS, ALG and α-mangostin also showed the halo pattern with a weak peak at ∼20° (2θ), corresponding to the hydrogen bonding between the CS molecules (Huang et al. 2017). The CS/ALG NPs and TCS/ALG NPs presented a lack of peaks and a decrease in the CS peak at ∼20° (2θ), indicating that CS and TCS formed the intermolecular interaction with ALG, that the molecular movement of the CS and ALG chain was limited (Moghimi et al. 2011), and NPs were in an amorphous structure. For the GP crosslinking of NPs, the PMs of CS or TCS, ALG, α-mangostin and GP provided diffraction peaks at ∼11° and 16° (2θ) due to the crystalline structure of GP. However, the diffraction peaks were not detected in the GP-CS/ALG NPs and GP-TCS/ALG NPs, suggesting GP was molecularly dispersed in the NPs. Further, with the surface modification of NPs by L100 coating, the diffractogram of PMs (CS or TCS, ALG, α-mangostin, GP and L100) presented sharp peaks at ∼23° and 31° (2θ) due to the crystalline structure of L100. Conversely, no such peaks were found in the diffractograms of coated NPs by L100 (L100-GP-CS/ALG NPs and L100-GP-TCS/ALG NPs), indicating that the L100 coating on to the surface of NPs was in the amorphous state.