China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Xanthones, or xanthonoids, mainly found in mangosteen and canistel fruits, are natural phenolic compounds. Mangosteen fruit and canistel or egg fruit are native to Southeast Asia, Mexico, and South America. There are about 280 xanthones from natural sources, but mangosteen alone contains around 68 xanthone-type compounds, among which the best known are α-, β-, γ- mangostins (184–185). Several studies have shown that xanthones and mangosteen extracts possess antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anti-asthmatic, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-amebic, and analgesic activities (184–185). In laboratory experiments, they inhibited growth and proliferation of human leukemia cells and other cancer cells of the colon and bile duct (185). Xanthones are able to inhibit several molecular targets in the tumor cells, including cyclooxygenases, kinases, ribonucleotide reductase, and DNA polymerases (184). Xanthones may prevent cancer, heart attack, and inflammatory diseases (asthma) (184–185). Mangosteen extracts are a traditional remedy in many Asian countries for the treatment of ameba dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, and some local infections.
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Xanthone (Figure 12.11) is an organic compound with a distinctive symmetric tricyclic aromatic structure that forms the core of a large variety of naturally occurring plant polyphenols collectively referred to as xanthones or xanthonoids. Methoxy, hydroxy, and isoprene substituents at various locations on the A- and C-rings provide the diversity of structures within this family of compounds. The xanthones are biosynthetically related to the flavonoids, and over 200 have been identified to date. A number of different biological activities have been attributed to xanthone compounds, but the most predominant is antioxidant activity. Structures of the parent xanthone ring system, and one of the most abundant xanthones with potential cancer chemopreventive properties, mangostin.
Plant-Based Natural Products Against Huntington’s Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Studies
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Banadipa Nanda, Samapika Nandy, Anuradha Mukherjee, Abhijit Dey
α-Mangostin is a natural xanthonoid, which is derived from the edible Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae) fruits [88]. Being a potential anti-oxidant, this compound showed modulatory effects on the GSH system in synaptosomes of rat brain treated with ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) [76].
Dietary Phytochemicals as a Potential Source for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2021
Prasath Manogaran, Devan Umapathy, Manochitra Karthikeyan, Karthikkumar Venkatachalam, Anbu Singaravelu
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cancer, causing death in the USA and the five-year survival rate is only 6% (35,45,46). The incidence of breast cancerwas estimated in 2020, as per that the 57,600 new cases and 47,050deaths were expected in the United States (28). PC exhibits the poor prognostic and late/lacks diagnostic markers, resistant to chemotherapy/radiotherapy. α‐Mangostin is a xanthonoid derived from Mangosteen. The α‐Mangostin has antioxidant, anticancer, and anti‐inflammatory properties associated with human healthcare (47–51). The Gli proteins are the effectors of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, which plays a crucial role in the self‐renewal and pluripotency of CSCs. α‐Mangostin inhibits the Gli transcription factors such as NANOG, OCT4, c‐Myc, SOX‐2, and KLF4 in pancreatic cancer cells. Further, it directly inhibiting the Nanog, which prevents the promotion of Cdk2, Cdk6, FGF4, and c‐Myc in pancreatic cancer stem cells (52).
Natural compounds as inhibitors of transthyretin amyloidosis and neuroprotective agents: analysis of structural data for future drug design
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Lidia Ciccone, Nicoló Tonali, Susanna Nencetti, Elisabetta Orlandini
γ-mangostin (γ-M) is a natural xanthonoid, a type of organic compound isolated from various parts of the mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana), with a xanthone core structure. γ-M and a variety of other xanthonoids from mangosteen have been investigated for biological properties including antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective activities99,100. In 2015, an interesting study about the interaction between TTR and 12 xanthone derivatives was published54. The most promising TTR stabilisers were γ-M and α-mangostin (α-M) (Figure 7(A,B)), while the 3-isomangostin (Figure 7(A)), cyclised derivative of α-M, displayed significantly lower capability to inhibit the fibrillisation process54.
Role of advanced glycation end products and insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Large number of natural and synthetic AGE inhibitors have been discovered (Rahbar and Figarola 2002). AGE inhibitors should either stop formation of AGEs, stop interaction of AGEs with RAGE, or should recognise and break the Amadori products. Our body has developed a natural anti-AGE system which either catalyse the conversion of carbonyl species like glyoxal and methylglyoxal to lactic acid (Thornalley 1996) or destabilising the Amadori products which renders their breakdown (Van Schaftingen et al. 2012). Statin-like atorvastatin has been shown to prevent AGE-induced RAGE expression in healthy rats (Xu et al. 2014), while pravastatin prevented AGE-induced tubular damage and cell death in DN (Ishibashi et al. 2012). Aminoguanidine was the first synthetic compound to inhibit AGE formation in vitro and in vivo (Brownlee et al. 1986). However, it was withdrawn back after clinical trials due to its side effects. As the interaction between AGE-RAGE induces oxidative stress, antioxidants could play role in ameliorating AGE induced damage. Vitamin C and E along with combination of N-acetylcysteine with taurine and oxerutin were shown to be a potential anti-glycative agent (Odetti et al. 2003). Polyphenols such as catechin have been recently identified as AGE inhibitor. In a study by Zhu et al. (2014), Catechin inhibited AGE formation and reduced the MG trapping along with expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A patented Chinese drug, Jiangtang decoction drug reduces accumulation of AGE and RAGE, increases phosphorylation of AKT and P13K, thereby ameliorating DN by reducing the renal proinflammatory markers (Hong et al. 2017). Other class of molecule-like Mangiferin, a xanthonoid improved DN in streptozotocin treated rats by decreasing the formation of AGEs, reducing oxidative stress-induced MAPK and PKC signalling and inhibiting apoptotic markers (Pal et al. 2014). Resveratrol was recently found to have reduced the formation of AGEs by trapping MG and forming resveratrol-MGO adducts (Shen et al. 2017). Of late, chrysin, present in herbs and bee propolis, was proven to be inhibiting AGEs-induced renal fibrosis in mesangial cells in db/db mice model by inhibiting the accumulation of matrix proteins in AGEs treated diabetic glomeruli (Lee et al. 2018). Very recently for the first time, the role of E. coli strains to degrade CML into defined metabolites with the biogenic amine like carboxymethylcadaverine as the main product has been identified, proving the role of gut microbiota in breaking the AGEs (Hellwig et al. 2019).