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Tube Feedings Formulas and Methods
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
Instead of intact protein, elemental formulas are composed of completely hydrolyzed protein. The result is a quantum of amino acids. Some contain essential amino acids only. Others have a mixture of essential and non-essentials. These are the building blocks of protein, not the proteins themselves. But this is the most basic form of protein nutrition. Anything less would not be recognized as a protein nutrient. Chemically, the components would be described as monomeric, as compared to polymeric. The proteins are single units, not polymers.
Enteral Nutrition
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Stephanie G. Harshman, Lauren G. Fiechtner
EN adaptations are necessary as infants transition into childhood. The most important transition is to an age-appropriate pediatric formula. Standard pediatric formulas are available for children 1–13 years of age (Table 8.3). Beyond 13 years, adult EN formulas can be considered. Standard pediatric formulas are 30 kcal/oz (1 kcal/mL) and are often milk-based and available with or without fiber. As a rule, they are gluten free and lactose free. Specialty pediatric formulas including partially hydrolyzed protein formulas are considered in cases of malabsorption or gastrointestinal impairment. Caution should be used in patients with milk allergy as these formulas will contain a small amount of milk protein. Elemental formulas are also available and indicated for multiple food allergies/intolerances, eosinophilic esophagitis, malabsorption, and history of intolerance to standard and partially hydrolyzed formulas. Although beneficial, they have decreased palatability. Commercial blenderized tube formulas are also available. The composition of these formulas varies greatly by brand. Typically, commercial blenderized formulas are higher in fiber and some may be more energy dense than standard pediatric formulas.
Nutritional Considerations in Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
Protein is a critical component for optimal growth of the newborn and particularly so for the preterm neonate. The macronutrient profile of infant formula is considerably different from human milk due to the nature of recomposition of formula. The most common protein source in infant formula is bovine based, either intact or partially hydrolyzed protein, or soy protein based. Preterm formula is primarily available as a bovine product. The evidence favoring human milk does not preclude the possibility that besides the benefits to human milk use, there may also be negative effects from infant formula use due to its protein sources.
Metalloproteinases in disease: identification of biomarkers of tissue damage through proteomics
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018
Cristina Herrera, Teresa Escalante, Alexandra Rucavado, Jay W. Fox, José María Gutiérrez
Owing to the relevance of metalloproteinase-induced proteolytic processing as a widely distributed post-translational modification, proteomic analysis of tissues or body fluids, for example, exudates, provides a powerful tool for the study of protein degradation in diseases and for the identification of key biomarkers of disease. A classic example is the processing of the protein amyloid beta A4 in which the cleavage pattern by proteinases determines the disease outcome [103]; in this case, proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid enables the detection of proteoforms of amyloid associated with the development of the disease. The analytical strength of proteomics has been greatly expanded by the introduction of techniques such as TAILS and COFRADIC, that is terminomics, which enhance the detection of hydrolyzed protein fragments, thus enabling the characterization of the ‘proteolytic signature’ in particular disease states [3]. These and other methodologies recently introduced in the field of proteomics will provide a solid body of information aimed at the identification of key biomarkers of diseases. Such advances, in turn, will have a profound impact in the future of the biomedical sciences.
Taking a prebiotic approach to early immunomodulation for allergy prevention
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Rachelle Pretorius, Susan L. Prescott, Debra J. Palmer
Two other infant randomized controlled trials by Gruber et al. [50] and Boyle et al. [28] also added pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) to the GOS and FOS prebiotic intervention combination, again at a total dosage of 0.8 g/100ml infant formula. The rationale for also adding in pAOS was based on results from animal models [53], showing an enhanced upregulation of an anti-allergic Th1-type immune response in a dose-dependent fashion through mechanisms that appear to extend beyond selective growth promotion of beneficial microbiota. In accordance with Moro et al. [49], Gruber et al. also found reduced eczema incidence within the intervention group (5.7%) compared to the control group (9.7%, P = 0.04) at the end of the intervention period at 12 months of age in infants without a family history of allergic disease [50]. In contrast, Boyle et al. [28], who included high-risk infants, found that the prebiotic supplementation (GOS, FOS, and pAOS) in the same ratio and dosage as Gruber et al. [50] did not reduce the risk of development of infant eczema by 12 months of age after an intervention period from birth to 6 months of age (28.7% in the prebiotic intervention group vs. 28.7% in the control group, P = 0.90) [28]. It is important to note that in the Gruber et al. [50] study both the intervention and control groups had a base of cow’s milk formula with or without prebiotics added, whereas in the Boyle et al. [28], study the intervention group had partially hydrolyzed formula with prebiotics added compared to the cow’s milk formula without prebiotics given to the control group. Thus, one could speculate that the differences in results from these two trials may be due to a possible synergistic effect of the unmodified cow’s milk protein in combination with the prebiotic supplementation [54]. Thus, future 3-arm or 4-arm varied combinations of cow’s milk or partially hydrolyzed protein-based infant formula with and without prebiotics supplementation trials appear warranted.
Protective Effect of Chickpea Protein Hydrolysates on Colon Carcinogenesis Associated With a Hypercaloric Diet
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2019
Xariss M. Sánchez-Chino, Cristian Jiménez Martínez, Erika B. León-Espinosa, Leticia Garduño-Siciliano, Isela Álvarez-González, Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar, Verónica R. Vásquez-Garzón, Rafael Baltiérrez-Hoyos, Gloria Dávila-Ortiz
Chickpea is a seed of the legume family, composed mainly of complex carbohydrates (70%) and proteins (20%), for which consumption has been related to health benefits (14–17). The objective of this work was to verify the inhibitory effect of chickpea hydrolyzed protein on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced carcinogenesis in mice fed a hypercaloric diet.