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Food Allergy
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
PA Mahesh, Hugo Van Bever, Pudupakkam K Vedanthan
Sensitization to food allergens can occur in two different ways: 1. Traditional ingestion route or Class 1 food allergy 2. Inhalation of airborne allergen that cross reacts with a specific food item or Class 2 food allergy. Class 1 food antigens are water soluble glycoproteins, and are stable towards heat, acid and enzymes. Most of the Class 2 antigens are plant-derived proteins, which are heat labile and difficult to isolate. In children, cow’s milk, eggs, groundnuts, soy, wheat and fish account for 85% of the documented food allergies. In adults, groundnuts, tree nuts, fish and shellfish account for the majority of the allergic reactions. In genetically predisposed individuals, typical IgE-mediated reactions will take place when food specific IgE antibodies, residing on the mast cells and basophils in the gut, bind the ingested food allergens. This leads to the release of several mediators and cytokines (described elsewhere in this chapter).
Legumes
Published in Christopher Cumo, Ancestral Diets and Nutrition, 2020
Despite its name, the peanut is neither pea nor nut, though it is related to peas because both are legumes. Reference to peanuts as groundnuts emphasizes that pods and seeds develop underground. Indigenous to South America, the legume is thought to have originated in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, or Bolivia; the last—having the largest number of Arachis species—was peanuts’ probable cradle.151 Around 3000 BCE, peanuts were cultivated and consumed throughout Brazil and the Caribbean.152 Between 1200 and 800 BCE, Peru adopted the legume. Like modern Americans, Peruvians snacked on groundnuts. In the first millennium CE, Peru’s Nazca and Chimu emblazoned pottery with peanut images.153 As grave goods, groundnuts were likely intended to feed the dead in the afterlife. In the second millennium, peanuts nourished Inca, Aztecs, and Bahamians.
Newborns and children of the nation
Published in Kah Seng Loh, Li Yang Hsu, Tuberculosis – The Singapore Experience, 1867–2018, 2019
The Medical Department had another feeding scheme that was more specific and targeted. This was for children from low-income families who had a minor tuberculosis infection (also known as an active primary complex). The scheme was home-based since most children with tuberculosis were treated as outpatients due to the shortage of hospital beds, and usually lasted six months. The children received a free ration high in protein every fortnight prescribed by a dietician at the University of Malaya, comprising 1 lb. full cream powdered milk, ½ lb. vitaminised skimmed milk powder and ¼ lb. Ovaltine for flavouring (with all three items mixed before distribution), ½ lb. fresh butter, six fresh eggs, six oranges, and 1 lb. of shelled peanuts or groundnuts. The children’s parents collected the rations from feeding clinics every Thursday morning at the North Canal Road Clinic, when it operated its tuberculosis service, and at the Paya Lebar rural dispensary in the eastern part of Singapore. Unlike the general feeding programme for malnourished children, the domiciliary feeding scheme was small, originally involving about 100 children before rising to over 200 in 1951.
Neuroprotective validation of pectin in T2DM-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Rajnish Srivastava, Laxmi Tripathi, Sudhansu Ranjan Swain, Jagan Singh
T2DM was induced in Wistar albino rats by fedded with combination of high fat diet (HFD) and high fat emulsion (HFE) for two weeks. HFD consist of 23.85% of carbohydrates, 12.35% of proteins, 60% of fats and 4.8% of other fibres. However high fat emulsion diet consist of 40% of ghee, 20% of groundnut oil and 25% of water which are emulsified by using 10% of tween 80 and 5% of propylene glycol. In the third week, diabetes was induced in overnight fasted rats by a single intraperitonial (i.p.) injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, body weight) in ice-cold citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.5), All the animals were deprived of food 4–6 h prior to STZ induction. Rats were provided with 10% sucrose water as the sole water source for 48 h after STZ injection to prevent sudden hypoglycaemia (Rahigude et al. 2012) Body weights and blood glucose levels were measured subsequently at one-week interval up to 4 weeks from STZ injection to identify the onset and continued presence of hyperglycaemia. Rats with consistent hyperglycaemia (300 to 550 mg/dl) was considered diabetic and were included in the study (Morrow 2004).
Biosensors for the detection of mycotoxins
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Akansha Shrivastava, Rakesh Kumar Sharma
Aflatoxins are identified as the most potent naturally occurring carcinogens. It is metabolized in the liver and induces mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor protein gene, causes missense mutation effectively (Dhanasekaran et al. 2011, Kumar et al. 2016). This leads to the classification of such aflatoxins into group 1 carcinogens such as aflatoxins B1, B2, and G1, G2 produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, respectively. Whereas, aflatoxin M1is a hydroxylated secondary metabolite from Aspergillus sp. found basically in animal tissues and fluids. The source of contamination of aflatoxins in food may include cotton, peanuts, spices, pistachios, maize, sorghum, figs, rice, etc. (Kew 2013, Wu et al. 2014, Adeyeye 2016). Different cereals (corn, rice, sorghum, and wheat), dry fruits and nuts (hazelnut, groundnut, fig, cashew nut, and almonds), and spices are commonly found to be contaminated with aflatoxins (maximum reported in peanut products, i.e. 513 µg/kg). However, the milk and milk products (yogurt, cheese, and butter) generally have lower limits of aflatoxins (maximum reported in cheese, i.e. 0.7 µg/kg) (Mahato et al. 2019).
Collagen biosynthesis stimulation and anti-melanogenesis of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) extracts
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Romchat Chutoprapat, Waraporn Malilas, Rattikarl Rakkaew, Sarinporn Udompong, Korawinwich Boonpisuttinant
Bambara groundnut has been used as a functional food for many years ago, since it contains a lot of nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. This present study demonstrated that the BG extracts gave the antioxidant activity, especially BG-HM extract, which showed the highest tyrosinase inhibition and anti-melanogenesis activity and was superior to kojic acid. Moreover, the BG-HB and BG-SB extracts exhibited the highest stimulation of collagen biosynthesis on human dermal fibroblasts. All BG extracts at 0.1 mg/mL had indicated no toxicity on skin since they showed no cytotoxicity on human dermal fibroblasts. The biological activities of the BG extracts might be from the synergistic effect of phytochemical constituents, especially phenolic and flavonoid compound. The results suggested that the BG-HB and BG-HM are a promising candidate as an anti-aging and whitening agent respectively. The other mechanisms for anti-aging and the whitening effect as well as clinical research on volunteer will be further performed for the development of cosmeceutical applications.