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Fungi and Water
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Aspergillus niger is used in the industrial production of gluconic acid, which is an additive in certain metal cleaning applications, as well as for the therapy for calcium and iron deficiencies (130). A. terreus is used for itaconic acid production, a synthetic polymer (130). Aspergillus oryzae is fermented for kojic acid production which is used for skin whitening and as a precursor for synthesis of flavor enhancers (130).
Relation Between Contraction and Metabolic Efficiency
Published in Samuel Sideman, Rafael Beyar, Analysis and Simulation of the Cardiac System — Ischemia, 2020
Joseph Kedem, M. Scheinowitz, E. Furman, J. Sonn, H. R. Weiss
Glucose concentrations were determined (in duplicate) with the aid of a kit from Sigma® using Technical Bulletin No. 510. Glucose oxidase reacting with glucose forms gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Peroxidase catalyzes the oxidation of colorless Q-dianisidine by hydrogen peroxide. Oxidized O-dianisidine absorbs light at 425 to 475 nm. The intensity of the absorption is proportional to the glucose concentration. Lactic and pyruvic acids were also measured (in duplicate) using a Sigma® kit employing the enzyme lactic dehydrogenase and NADH/NAD oxidation-reduction, according to Technical Bulletins No. 726-UV and No. 826-UV. NADH absorbance is measured at 340 nm and 10 ml of blood sufficed for all the above-mentioned substrate analyses.
Design of Bioresponsive Polymers
Published in Deepa H. Patel, Bioresponsive Polymers, 2020
Anita Patel, Jayvadan K. Patel, Deepa H. Patel
Polycations like poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) have been used for preparation of pH-sensitive membrane systems, in which a decline in pH resultant into swelling of the membrane which has a tendency to augment release of drug, e.g., insulin, this is commonly happening because of ionization of the polymer in the acidic medium [48, 109, 110]. With regards to the hydrogels are prepared using polyanions, the release of insulin controlled by diverse mechanisms. To shape grafted polyanion chains, these polyanions can be attached to a porous filter, like polymethacrylic acid-cobutyl methacrylate that is expanded at pH 7 and electrostatic repulsive forces amid the charges on the polymer chains are responsible for this. The chains breakdown when gluconic acid is formed, attributable to protonation of the carboxyl groups of the polymer which domino effect in the aperture of the pores along with diffusion of insulin [111]. To produce an insulin-loaded matrix, a dry pH-responsive polymer such as poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate-co-ethyl acrylamide) was joined by bovine serum albumin (BSA), GOx, and insulin and finally compressed. Owing to the existence of GOx, the delivery system yielded gluconic acid by oxidation of glucose. This sequentially induced a decline in the pH, protonation, as well as swelling of the polymer, and finally insulin release.
Nanoreactor activated in situ for starvation-chemodynamic therapy of breast cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Linyu Gao, Xiangyang Xuan, Mingli Sui, Jingjing Wang, Yaping Wang, Huijuan Zhang
The UV-vis spectrum (Figure 2A) showed that FeAlg had no characteristic absorption peak, while GOx and FeAlg/GOx both demonstrated a typical absorption peak at 562 nm, indicating that GOx was successfully encapsulated in FeAlg. For further verification, we measured the enzyme activity of GOx. As shown in Figure 2B, FeAlg/GOx and free GOx had similar catalytic activity on consuming Glu at the same GOx concentration. With the production of gluconic acid, the pH value gradually decreased from 7.4 to 4.3. EDS analysis result revealed FeAlg/GOx contained P and S elements that belonged to GOx (Figure 2C). All the above results proved that FeAlg/GOx nanoreactor was successfully synthesised and can maintain the enzyme activity of GOx well. DLS analysis result further suggested that FeAlg/GOx was a negative zeta potential of −16.6 mV (Figure 2D), and the hydrated particle size was about 35 nm with a PDI of 0.293 (Figure 2E). As exhibited in Figure 2F, the morphology of FeAlg/GOx was nearly spherical with a size of ∼25 nm, which was consistent with the DLS result. The dispersibility of nanogels in the different mediums was shown in Figure 2G. FeAlg/GOx exhibited relatively good dispersibility in PBS, BI serum and RPMI 1640 medium, without aggregation or precipitation.
An overview of advancement in aptasensors for influenza detection
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2022
Varsha Gautam, Ramesh Kumar, Vinod Kumar Jain, Suman Nagpal
[5ʹGCAATGGTACGGTACTTCCGGGGGTTGGGGGTTGGACGCAGAGTGCCAAAAGTGCTACTTTGCTAA-3’] with cytidine-5’-monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid directly to the silicon wafer. The Cyclic Voltmeter has been used to show that the Aptamer is especially bound to the H1 subtype and not the H5 subtype. An ELISA assay was carried out to determine the binding of Aptamer to GST-tagged HA protein. The obtained sensors detected nanomolar conc, and could be able to distinguish the H1N1 and H5N1 strains. Fu et al. modified a magnetic bead with H5N1-specific Aptamer together with ion canavolin A, glucose oxidase, and gold nanoparticles [98]. The complete sandwich becomes converted to a glucose solution, which leads to an enzymatic response that generates gluconic acid. The detection limit of the sensor was 8 times 10–4 HAU in 200 μL.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of folate receptor-targeted a novel magnetic drug delivery system for ovarian cancer therapy
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Güliz Ak, Habibe Yilmaz, Aybike Güneş, Senay Hamarat Sanlier
For binding of DOX (Chemos) onto nanoparticles via hydrazone bond, nanoparticles were modified by using two steps, which are carboxymethylation described by Tijsen et al. 2001 and hydrazination mentioned by Lu et al. (2008) and Lassen et al. (2010) [12–14]. For carboxymethylation of gluconic acid, 500 mg GNP were dispersed in water:isopropanol mixture 5:95 (v/v). About 10 M NaOH solution was added under N2 gas. Then, 12.75 mg monochloroacetic acid was added to mixture and allowed to react. After completion of reaction, carboxymethylated GNP (CGNP) were washed and nanoparticles were dried. For hydrazination of CGNP, 100 mg sample was dispersed in 10 ml water and 5 µmole hydrazine hydrate, 15 µmole EDC and 16.25 µmole NHS were added into this dispersion. Reaction was left for 4 h and later, hydrazinated GNP (HGNP) were washed. Characterization studies were performed by FTIR, TG and XPS analyses.