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Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
Prebiotics are “substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorgan-isms, conferring a health benefit to the host” [31]. In simple terms, prebiotics is the food for the beneficial microorganisms in the gut. The prebiotics aids in digestion reduces constipation, resist infections, prevent gastrointestinal diseases, and ameliorate inflammatory bowel disease [30]. The prebiotic supplementation of 1.7 g of galactooligosaccharides (GOS) per day increases the frequency of bowel movement, reduces straining during defecation, and decreases stool consistency when compared with maltodextrin [7].
Medicinal Mushrooms
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Temitope A. Oyedepo, Adetoun E. Morakinyo
Prebiotics are nondigestible ingredients found in food which stimulate the growth or action of probiotics (i.e., beneficial microorganisms). Probiotics play an important role in the overall health of the gut. They help with the breakdown and digestion of food and the regulation of the immune system, and they also inhibit the growth of pathogens. Prebiotics are obtained from the nondigestible fiber in certain plant-based foods. The key compounds in prebiotics are galactooligosaccharide, oligosaccharides, and inulin. Mushroom is one of the good sources of prebiotics because they are rich in polysaccharides such as chitin, galactans, hemicellulose, mannans, α- and β-glucans, and xylans (Singdevsachan et al., 2015). These nondigestible mushroom polysaccharides have the potential to enhance the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut, and this will inhibit the proliferation of pathogens (Bhakta and Kumar, 2013).
Non-pharmacological management of asthma-related issues in athletes
Published in John W. Dickinson, James H. Hull, Complete Guide to Respiratory Care in Athletes, 2020
Neil C. Williams, Michael A. Johnson, Emily M. Adamic, Timothy D. Mickleborough
In murine models of allergic asthma, dietary prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics have all been shown to reduce airway inflammation and improve disease severity. Initial investigations have shown positive effects of prebiotic supplementation in adults with asthma. Over a three week period, a daily dose of 5.5g of galactooligosaccharide (prebiotic) attenuated the FEV1 fall post EVH challenge by 40% (−28 vs. −17%). Prebiotic supplementation reduced baseline serum markers of airway inflammation (CCL17 and C-reactive protein) and abolished the 29% increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α after EVH.
Dietary sialylated oligosaccharides in early-life may promote cognitive flexibility during development in context of obesogenic dietary intake
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
Caroline Clouard, Inonge Reimert, Stephen A. Fleming, Sietse-Jan Koopmans, Teun Schuurman, Jonas Hauser
In light of significant evidence implicating a link between multiple oligosaccharides of various compositions and cognition, it is unclear why the present study suggests this only occurred for sialyllactose alone. A variety of factors may be at play: synergistic effects between oligosaccharides, different animal models used, various methods employed to test cognition, doses, etc. Beyond methodological and dietary differences, the reason behind the discrepancy may not surface until further mechanistic research is performed. Even for studies of single, discrete compounds (i.e. the structure of 2′-FL or 3′-SL is consistent, whereas galactooligosaccharide may have various degrees of polymerization and branching) the true mechanism is not known. Hypotheses surrounding the gut–brain-axis are largely divided into direct effects (via the vagus nerve) or indirect effects (absorption of metabolites/bioactives or modulation of the immune system) [66].
Calorie restriction in combination with prebiotic supplementation in obese women with depression: effects on metabolic and clinical response
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2021
Elnaz Vaghef-Mehrabany, Fatemeh Ranjbar, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Sonia Hosseinpour-Arjmand, Mehrangiz Ebrahimi-Mameghani
No significant differences were observed between the prebiotic and placebo group post-intervention, in terms of depression scores, in our study (Figure 2). Observational studies have reported microbial dysbiosis in depression [36]. Prebiotics/probiotics through modulating gut microbiota enhance the immune system function and decrease inflammation [37]. This leads to improved brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, decreased glucocorticoid resistance, and lower kynurenine production from tryptophan; these together might contribute to alleviation of depression [38,39]. Unlike some promising results from probiotics interventions [40], little evidence supports anti-depressant effects of prebiotics. Merely one study reported remarkable improvement in depressive symptoms after 8 weeks of resistant dextrin (10 g/day) supplementation in diabetic patients [16]. The only clinical trial on non-obese patients with MDD, which assessed the effects of galactooligosaccharide (10 g/day) administration, found no significant effects of the intervention after 8 weeks [41]. Higher dosage or duration of prebiotics supplementation might be required for improving the assumed dysbiosis in depression. Moreover, the type of the prebiotics used in various clinical trials might affect the study outcomes, as the prebiotic capacity of these substances differs [42]. Also, an assumed improvement in the gut microbiota composition by improved dietary habits might have masked the effects of the prebiotic supplement, in our patients.
Therapeutic methods of gut microbiota modification in colorectal cancer management – fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka, Agnieszka Daca, Mateusz Fic, Thierry van de Wetering, Marcin Folwarski, Wojciech Makarewicz
Prebiotics are selectively fermentable, non-digestible oligosaccharides or ingredients which cause alterations in the composition and activity of gut microbiota conferring health benefits.38 Prebiotics are carbohydrates including fructooligosaccharides (FOS), xylooligosaccharides (XOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), inulin, and fructans. Fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides have been the compounds mainly investigated as prebiotics. These compounds possess many properties, such as the stimulation of beneficial indigenous gut bacteria, production of short-chain fatty acids, modulation of the immune response, modification of gene expression in bacterial cells in cecum, colon, and feces, enhancement of absorption of micronutrients in colon, and the modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes.38 Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis was claimed to exert an antitumorigenic activity in azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. There is also a report that the administration of inulin could reduce the cecal pH.60