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Mood and Food, Cravings, and Addiction
Published in Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra, Psychology of Eating, 2019
Emily Crews Splane, Neil E. Rowland, Anaya Mitra
One group of researchers (Pelchat & Schaefer, 2000) found that participants on a monotonous but nutritionally complete diet for several days had large increases in cravings. (They consumed a nutritional supplement beverage and water only.) This further supports that food craving and unhealthy snacking are not necessarily due to hunger or nutritional need. Rather, mood and desire for dietary variety have more documented links with cravings than with physiological hunger. Cravings are also influenced by age (they decrease with advanced age), culture, and hormone fluctuations (particularly among women; Pelchat, 1997; Zellner et al., 1999).
Diagnosis of Addictions
Published in Hanna Pickard, Serge H. Ahmed, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Science of Addiction, 2019
Marc Auriacombe, Fuschia Serre, Cécile Denis, Mélina Fatséas
Craving is also reported as an important symptom among individuals with gambling disorder, persisting months after gambling abstinence (Ladouceur et al. 2007) and a key determinant of relapse in gambling disorder (Smith et al. 2015; Tavares et al. 2005). A recent study showed that craving ratings in participants with gambling disorder increased following gambling cues compared with non-gambling cues; that gambling cues in individuals with gambling disorder increased brain responses in reward-related circuitry; and that this response co-varied with craving intensity (Limbrick-Oldfield et al. 2017). Animal studies have suggested the addictive liability of sugar (Ahmed et al. 2013). Obese subjects with possible food addiction have been shown to report more severe food craving than their non-addicted counterparts (Davis et al. 2011; Meule and Kubler 2012; Fatséas et al. 2015a). Food craving has been suggested to contribute to unsuccessful attempts to reduce calorie intake, and early dropout from obesity treatment programs (Batra et al. 2013). A prospective link between the intensity of food craving and the decrease in dieting success and meeting other criteria for food addiction has been shown (Fatséas et al. 2015a; Meule et al. 2016).
Neurology
Published in Gina Johnson, Ian Hill-Smith, Chirag Bakhai, The Minor Illness Manual, 2018
Gina Johnson, Ian Hill-Smith, Chirag Bakhai
Dietary factors are often suspected but rarely found; searching too hard may divert attention away from more likely factors, such as those mentioned previously. The widespread belief that chocolate is a trigger lacks evidence (Lippi et al., 2014). It is more likely to be a food craving in the prodromal phase. Alcohol does not cause migraine initially but can trigger an attack as its effects wear off. For most people, the attacks seem to be multifactorial, and it is often not possible to identify any one trigger which always causes migraine or, when avoided, stops all attacks. Often there is a buildup of different triggers, with a ‘last straw’ tipping the sufferer over the threshold and resulting in a migraine. Whatever the cause, the final part of the sequence of events leading to symptoms involves the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT).
Morning individuals in Saudi Arabia have higher self-regulation of eating behavior compared to evening types
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Marwa Hamed Al-Hazmi, Essra Abdulsalam Noorwali
In this study, females were observed to find the following food tempting significantly higher than males did: chips, cake, ice cream, popcorn, bread/toast and pastries/bakeries, while males were observed to find soft drinks tempting significantly higher than females did. These results are supported by previous research which showed that emotional eating had a stronger negative association with intuitive eating in women than in men (Smith et al. 2020). Another possible explanation is that women have more frequent cravings for chocolate and a greater difficulty to resist food cravings than men, and the beneficial effects of exercise on appetite control were observed in men and not in women (Drenowatz et al. 2017). Although not assessed in this study, women tend to have higher food cravings of chocolate, pastries, snacks and desserts during the premenstrual period (De Souza et al. 2018; Gorczyca et al. 2016; Hintze et al. 2017).
Snacking behavior differs between evening and morning chronotype individuals but no differences are observed in overall energy intake, diet quality, or food cravings
Published in Chronobiology International, 2022
Chia-Lun Yang, Robin M. Tucker
The relationships between chronotype and factors known to be associated with weight gain have not been fully investigated in U.S. adults. For example, diet quality, as measured by Healthy Eating Index (HEI), has been shown to be inversely associated with the risk of obesity in U.S. adults (Tande et al. 2010). The HEI assesses the degree to which dietary intake aligns with the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) (Krebs-Smith et al. 2018). Since overall diet quality is related to obesity, it is important to assess its relationship with chronotype to identify possible risk factors for poor diet quality. In addition to diet quality, the relationship between chronotype and food cravings in adults has not been fully characterized. Food craving is a multifaceted phenomenon which represents a person’s desire to consume foods that are deemed to be palatable and is associated with greater likelihood of night eating (Meule et al. 2014) and uncontrolled eating behaviors (Nijs et al. 2007). Studies suggest that the frequency of experiencing food cravings does not differ among chronotypes in university students (Meule et al. 2012) and pregnant women (Teixeira et al. 2020). Given that the previous studies that examine the relationship between chronotype and food cravings only focus on certain populations in Brazil (Meule et al. 2012) and Germany (Teixeira et al. 2020) but not in the U.S., expanding our understanding of these relationships in other populations is warranted.
Exploring the wider benefits of semaglutide treatment in obesity: insight from the STEP program
Published in Postgraduate Medicine, 2022
Patrick M. O’Neil, Domenica M. Rubino
Weight loss can improve the health of people with overweight or obesity, decrease systemic inflammation, and prevent or reduce weight-related complications [2,12,16]. A weight loss of 5–≥15% is recommended for patients with weight-related complications such as T2D, hypertension, and dyslipidemia; ≥10% is recommended for osteoarthritis; and >7–11% is recommended for obstructive sleep apnea [2]. While a weight-loss goal for a beneficial effect on QOL has not been generally defined, a clear relationship has been shown between weight loss and improvements in QOL [8,16,17]. However, it may be difficult to achieve and maintain weight loss through behavioral approaches, such as diet and exercise, alone [18]. Food cravings experienced in everyday life may compound the potential for weight gain and impair the effectiveness of weight-loss efforts, leading to increased food consumption, particularly of calorically-dense foods [19]. In addition, compensatory neuroendocrine mechanisms involving a multitude of hormones that regulate hunger, appetite, and satiety (such as ghrelin, leptin, glucagon-like peptide-1, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY) encourage weight regain after the weight loss [20] and may persist for at least a year after the initial weight loss [21–23]. Thus, there is a strong physiological basis for relapse among people with obesity [5,22].