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Gene Delivery
Published in Danilo D. Lasic, LIPOSOMES in GENE DELIVERY, 2019
Typical ligands that are attached to liposomes can be antibodies or parts of thereof, lectins, oligosaccharides, or simple molecules such as folic acid. Tumor cells require larger quantities of folate, an essential cofactor in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, and therefore overexpress the folate receptor due to their increased metabolic rates. These cells may have over 20-fold higher concentration of folate-binding protein (over half a million receptor molecules in some cell lines), and it is believed that they can transcytose the material engulfed in caveolae which are rich in glycosylphosphatidylinositol without exposing the contents to lysozymes.
Adoptive T Cell Immunotherapy
Published in Sanjiv S. Agarwala, Vernon K. Sondak, Melanoma, 2008
Susan Tsai, Shari Pilon-Thomas
An alternative approach to engineering tumor-antigen-specific receptors has involved the use of “T bodies,” which are chimeric receptors that have antibody-based external receptor structure and cytosolic signaling domains (34). Unlike TCR, T bodies identify tumor in a MHC-unrestricted manner, but are able to effect specific TCR function. Three studies utilizing T bodies have been reported in ovarian and renal cell carcinoma and neuroblastoma, with variable results. A pilot trial that tested T cells expressing a T body receptor specific for a folate-binding protein on the surface of ovarian carcinoma cells has demonstrated the approach to be safe; however, further optimization of T body expression and persistence is needed (35).
Poly(Alkyl Cyanoacrylate) Nanoparticles for Delivery of Anti-Cancer Drugs
Published in Mansoor M. Amiji, Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy, 2006
R. S. R. Murthy, L. Harivardhan Reddy
Stella et al.40 developed a new concept to target the folate-binding protein by designing poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-coated biodegradable nanoparticles coupled to folic acid. This system is the soluble form of the folate receptor that is over expressed on the surface of many tumoral cells. The copolymer poly[aminopoly(ethylene glycol)cyanoacrylate-co-hexadecyl cyanoacrylate] [poly(H2NPEGCA-co-HDCA)] was synthesized, and their nanoparticles were prepared using the nanoprecipitation technique. The nanoparticles were then conjugated to the activated folic acid via PEG terminal amino groups and purified from unreacted products. The specific interaction between the conjugate folate-nanoparticles and the folate-binding protein was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. This interaction did not occur with the nonconjugated nanoparticles used as a control.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of higher expression of folate receptor alpha (FOLR1) predicts poor cancer prognosis
Published in Biomarkers, 2020
Yantong Liu, Ting Lian, Yang Yao
Folate receptor 1 (FOLR1), known as folate receptor alpha and folate binding protein, is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein (Kato et al.2017, Kim et al.2018). FOLR1 has a high affinity for folate and is capable of internalizing folate (Kato et al. 2018, Moore et al.2018). Studies have revealed a growth advantage associated with cells transfected with FOLR1, suggesting that folate binding protein may be involved in the control and maintenance of cell proliferation (Liu et al.2017). FOLR1 was also found to be strongly expressed in head and neck (Zee et al.2013), pancreatic (Cai et al.2017), endometrial carcinomas (Dainty et al.2007, Senol et al.2015), lung cancer (Shi et al.2015, Driver et al.2016) and ovarian cancer (Yuan et al.2009, Shivange et al.2018). However, some researcher drew the inconclusive conclusion (Walter et al.2016). In view of the relatively small sample sizes of studies and the different results, thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to obtain a more reliable conclusion about the relationship between FOLR1 expression and the prognosis influence.