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Trace Mineral Deficiencies – Diagnosis and Treatment
Published in Jennifer Doley, Mary J. Marian, Adult Malnutrition, 2023
Kavitha Krishnan, Julianne Werner
A dosage of 150–200 mg/d of elemental iron for three months is recommended to treat iron deficiency.25 Iron is most commonly available in the form of ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate and ferrous fumarate. Although fumarate is most easily absorbed, sulfate and gluconate forms are preferred since they are inexpensive, and are also bioavailable.2 The amount of elemental iron in each iron salt varies, hence the type of the supplement will determine the dosage. Ferrous sulfate is 20% elemental iron, ferrous fumarate 33%, and ferrous gluconate 12%.26
Iron in Formulas and Baby Foods
Published in Bo Lönnerdal, Iron Metabolism in Infants, 2020
Sean R. Lynch, Richard F. Hurrell
Virtually all liquid and powdered infant formulas are fortified with ferrous sulfate in both the U.S. and Europe,79 although other iron sources, such as ferrous gluconate,80 ferrous lactate,81,82 and ferrous ammonium citrate83 have also been used. Each of these salts is on the permitted list in the Codex Alimentarius73 and has been reported to have an RBV similar to ferrous sulfate. Ferrous citrate is also an approved iron salt, but is poorly soluble in water with an RBV of about 75 for both rats and human beings (Table 4).
Nutraceuticals and Anaemia in Pregnancy
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
According to WHO, oral supplements of iron and folic acid daily for pregnant women are required to prevent maternal anaemia. The requirement of iron is 30–60 mg of elemental iron (the equivalent of this is 300 mg of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, 500 mg of ferrous gluconate, or 180 mg ferrous fumarate) and 0.4 mg for folic acid. Intake of folic acid should be initiated at the earliest opportunity, ideally before conception, to prevent neural tube defects. If daily iron is not advisable due to side effects, then to improve maternal outcomes in pregnant women, intermittent oral iron supplementation with 120 mg of elemental iron (the equivalent of this is 600 mg of ferrous sulphate heptahydrate, 1,000 mg ferrous gluconate, or 360 mg ferrous fumarate) and 2.8 mg folic acid once in a week is recommended (Peña-Rosas et al. 2015).
Medication non-adherence and the achievement of therapeutic goals of anemia therapy among hemodialysis patients in Jordan
Published in Hospital Practice, 2022
Osama Y. Alshogran, Esraa A. Shatnawi, Shoroq M. Altawalbeh, Anan S. Jarab, Randa I. Farah
Patients’ clinical characteristics are listed in Table 2. The majority of the participants (91%) received dialysis three times a week and the primary vascular access was fistula (70.1%). Most of the participants were prescribed more than five medications (88.4%). Iron therapy, including ferrous gluconate, ferrous sulfate, iron sucrose, iron dextran, and iron complex, was prescribed for (89%) of the participants. Other commonly prescribed medications were erythropoietin, vitamin D, and calcium carbonate. Approximately half of the participants were aware about the indication of the prescribed medications (47.4% for iron and 50.2% for erythropoietin). Regarding patients complains, 63.1% of patients had insomnia and 28.6% had injection site reaction. Joint and muscle pain was reported by 56% of the participants, and 57.1% had headache. The mean (±SD) Hgb level was 10.27 (±1.59) g/dL and the mean iron level was 9.43 (±11.46) μmol/L.
Preventing complications by persistence with iron replacement therapy: a comprehensive literature review
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Maurizio Serati, Marco Torella
A variety of iron preparations exist, therefore it is important to compare them and their potential to enhance adherence. In a systematic review of 111 studies and 10,695 patients, a lower incidence of adverse events (approximately 4%) and notably gastrointestinal events was observed for ferrous sulfate with polymeric complex compared to other oral ferrous supplements (ferrous gluconate, ferrous glycine sulfate, ferrous sulfate without polymeric complex and ferrous fumarate [the highest rate of adverse events at 47%], all p < .001) (Figure 2)70. In their study, ferrous sulfate with polymeric complex was as well tolerated as ferric iron (iron protein succinylate)70. The authors suggest that improved tolerability may lead to better adherence and improved quality of life. Heterogeneity of study designs and methods was noted as a limitation; however, this was common for all of the supplements studied.
A Food-Derived Dietary Supplement Containing a Low Dose of Iron Improved Markers of Iron Status Among Nonanemic Iron-Deficient Women
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Christopher R. D'Adamo, James S. Novick, Termeh M. Feinberg, Valerie J. Dawson, Larry E. Miller
Guidelines to resolve nonanemic iron deficiency offered by the World Health Organization and other entities suggest that daily dietary supplementation with iron is often warranted (6,10). Iron supplementation has consistently been shown to increase SF (12) and protect against progression to iron-deficient anemia (13). Confounding the dietary supplementation guidelines are the many different forms of iron supplements that are commercially available (14). Iron is most commonly contained in dietary supplements as ferrous and ferric iron salts such as ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, ferrous citrate, or ferric sulfate (14–16). The specific iron salts utilized in dietary supplements and their solubility affect their bioavailability (16–19). Interactions with other nutrients can also impact the bioavailability of iron. For example, iron absorption has been shown to be synergistically increased by both vitamin C (18) and folate (20).