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Choerospondias axillaris (Hog plum)
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
The total phenolic content of C. axillaris was reported to be higher than that of other fruits (Li et al. 2016a). The quantitative assay demonstrated that peel contained a significantly higher amount of phenolics than flesh. The phenolic compound comprises of simple phenol to a different class of compounds and its condensed polymer forms. These phenolic constituents were considered to be the major contributor to the reported medicinal use. The most abundant phenolic acid in peel was ellagic acid followed by gallic acid, while the most abundant phenolic acid in flesh was gallic acid followed by protocatechuic acid. The variety of phenolic compounds in flesh was a little more than that in the peel, though the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of flesh were much lower than those of the peel. The simple phenolics (Figure 12.2) found in C. axillaris are protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, syringaldehyde, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocratechualdehyde, and salicylic acid. The galloylglucosidic constituents have been isolated from stem barks of C. axillaris by chromatographic technique (Li et al. 2014a), and further supported by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS-based analysis (Yang et al. 2016). The reported gallic acid derivatives (Figure 12.3) are gallic acid, ethyl gallate, gallic acid ethyl ether, l-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1, 6-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1, 4-di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 1, 4, 6-tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, and 1, 3, 4, 6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose.
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
Evaluation of various phytochemical components of Mimosa pudica found that several, particularly L-mimosine, crocetin, crocin and jasmonic acid, were potent inhibitors of nitric oxide, TNF-α and IL-1ß release in vitro from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cultured macrophages. Others, including ethyl gallate, gallic acid and caffeic, showed less but still significant anti-inflammatory activity. Similar effects were seen in the same study in serum samples of rats injected with lipopolysaccharide.5
Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
Fruit contains phyllemblic acid (6.3%), lipids (6.0%), gallic acid (5.0%), and emblicol. Crystalline vitamin C has been isolated from the fruit pericarp in a yield of 70 to 72% of the total. Mucic acid has also been isolated. Phyllembin from the fruit pulp is identified as ethyl gallate. The bark contains a chemical consituent called leukodelphinidin.178 A tannin containing gallic acid, ellagic acid, and glucose in its molecule and naturally present in the fruit prevents or retards the oxidation of vitamin C and renders the fruit a valuable antiscorbutic in the fresh as well as in the dry condition.
Phytochemical and toxicological evaluation of Tamarix stricta Boiss
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Roodabeh Bahramsoltani, Mohammad Hosein Farzaei, Amin Iranpanah, Mannan Hajimahmoudi, Zeinab Pourjabar, Maria Daglia, Cristina Santarcangelo, Khodabakhsh Rashidi, Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Roja Rahimi
Peak 7 corresponded to ethyl gallate was probably recognized on the basis of [M − H]− at m/z 197 and MS/MS fragmentations at m/z 124 and 169, while the latter represented gallic acid. Peak 8 at m/z 259 was attributed to caffeic acid sulfate, the loss of a sulfate moiety produced fragment ions m/z 179 and 135; both ions are indicative of caffeic acid. Peak 9 with molecular ion at m/z 277 was identified as syringic acid sulfate, losing sulfate moiety gives ion at m/z 197 typically of syringic acid and fragment anions with m/z 182 produced by CH3 group loss. Peak 9 showed a low resolution caused by coelution of three substances, the elution gradient has not allowed the separation of these compounds. Further investigation will be needed to improve the separation of co-eluting peaks. Peak 10 showed parent ion at m/z 477 was considered as quercetin-3-O-glucuronide, broke down giving the fragment ion at m/z 301 that correspond to quercetin aglycone. Peak 11 was detected with molecular ion at m/z 285 as luteolin aglycone, it was confirmed by the characteristic fragments (m/z 175, 151 and 133). Peak 12 [M-H]- at m/z 381 was identified as quercetin sulfate highlighted by ion at m/z 301 which correspond to quercetin with loss of sulfate unit (80 Da). Peak 13 was attributed to rhamnazin sulfate because the pattern of fragmentation represented the aglycone fragment (m/z 329) after the loss of sulfate moiety and also three minor fragment ions at m/z 329, 314 and 299.
Simiao Qingwen Baidu decoction inhibits Epstein–Barr virus-induced B lymphoproliferative disease and lytic viral replication
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Xianhui Yang, Lingling Liu, Huijuan Zhang, Xiaoxu Sun, Yongbin Yan, Ruiying Ran
One study has revealed that some components of Qingwen Baidu decoction play an important role in the treatment of acute lung injury by reducing the total cells and infiltration of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, such as ethyl gallate, pentagalloylglucose, galloyl paeoniflorin, mudanpioside C and harpagoside (Zhang et al. 2017). Ethyl gallate and pentagalloylglucose of Qingwen Baidu decoction have a protective role in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury (Zhang, Li, et al. 2018; Zhang, Nie, et al. 2018). In our study, we initially explored that biological role of SQBD in EBV-induced B lymphoproliferative disease. We found that 10%-medicated serum treatment significantly promoted apoptosis of CGM1 cells. The activity levels of caspase 3/7 and p53 expression also enhanced in the CGM1 cells after treated with 10%-medicated serum. Tumour suppressor protein p53 plays a vital role in promoting both apoptosis and cell cycle arrest (Wawryk-Gawda et al. 2014). The activation of caspase 3/7 sets off explosive feedback amplification of upstream apoptotic events, which is a key feature of apoptotic signalling essential for efficient apoptosis (McComb et al. 2019). Thus, these data suggested that SQBD had a promoting effect on apoptosis of CGM1 cells.
Development of stable emulsified formulations of Terminalia arjuna for topical application: evaluation of antioxidant activity of final product and molecular docking study
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2019
Dinanath Gaikwad, Namdeo Jadhav
Pharmacophore models were developed to get an idea about the structural features required for an identified T. arjuna bioactives leads to act as a tyrosinase inhibitor. The developed pharmacophore model depicted in Figure 10(A) showed that the molecular structure of kojic acid essentially contains two centers of hydrogen bond acceptor and one hydrogen bond donor center. Among screened compounds, Quadranoside VIII has shown these three minimum pharmacophoric features. The acceptable range for RMSD is 0–1.5. A lower value indicates more acceptability. RMSD for Quadranoside VIII was found to be 0.5387 which indicates the similarity between pharmacophoric features of this molecule with ligand kojic acid. The developed pharmacophore model depicted in Figure 10(B) showed that the molecular structure of allopurinol essentially contains two centers of hydrogen bond donor and one aromatic center. Ethyl gallate, Gallic acid, and Pelargonidin have shown these three minimum pharmacophoric features in them. RMSD for Ethyl gallate, Gallic acid, and Pelargonidin were found to be 1.184, 0.697, and 0.347, respectively. The developed pharmacophore model depicted in Figure 10(C) showed that the molecular structure of ascorbic acid essentially contains three centers of hydrogen bond donor. Ethyl gallate and Gallic acid have shown these three minimum pharmacophoric features in them. RMSD for Ethyl gallate and Gallic acid were found to be 1.456 and 0.819, respectively. Conclusively, Quadranoside VIII, Gallic acid, Ethyl gallate, and Pelargonidin have shown pharmacophoric similarities with reported tyrosinase inhibitors and found to be the most potent antioxidant compounds as tyrosinase inhibitors.