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Chicken Eggs and Human Health
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Jonathan Merkle, Christopher Bailey, Kevin Ruff
Between the calcified shell and the albumin lies the eggshell membrane (ESM). Eggshell membrane is bilayered with a mesh-like structure formed by fibrous protein such as collagen Type I.26 Eggshell membrane contains other compounds as well, including glycosaminoglycans, for example, dermatan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.27 This protein-containing composition, while desirable for nutraceutical applications, is what makes eggshell waste undesirable for landfills. The eggshell membrane attracts rats or other vermin to the landfill as a source of food.28
Inbuilt novel bioretardant feature of biopolymer isolated from cucumis sativa for designing drug loaded bionanosuspension
Published in Journal of Drug Assessment, 2020
Yogita Tyagi, NV Satheesh Madhav
The in-vitro drug diffusion assay was carried out in the M.S. diffusion apparatus. This was static method and requires complete replacement of the sample. The Biological membrane (egg shell membrane) was tied to the terminal portion of the cylindrical donor compartment. 2 ml of bio-nanosuspension was kept above the biological membrane in the donor compartment, and the receiver compartment was filled with diffusion medium (7.4 pH phosphate buffer). The complete sample was withdrawn at different time intervals and the receiver compartment was refilled with fresh medium. The amount of drug released was assessed by measuring the absorbance at 268 nm using UV spectrophotometer7.
Development and optimization of amphiphilic self-assembly into nanostructured liquid crystals for transdermal delivery of an antidiabetic SGLT2 inhibitor
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Nancy M. Lotfy, Mohammed Abdallah Ahmed, Nada M. El Hoffy, Ehab R. Bendas, Nadia M. Morsi
Eggshell membrane was mounted in the apparatus with effective permeation area of 1.76 cm2. Membrane preparation was carried out by submerging the entire egg in 5 M HCl to dissolve the outer solid shell, the egg was then evacuated from its content (Haigh & Smith, 1994; Olivella et al., 2006), the membrane was rinsed by distilled water then kept soaked in 50% ethanolic (PBS 7.4) for an hour before starting the experiment. An amount of 0.3 g of 4% of medicated NLCG formulae were applied to the membrane, which corresponds to a finite dose equal to 7 mg/cm2. The receptor medium was kept continuously stirring at 600 rpm during the time of the experiment and the temperature of the Franz system was adjusted to be 37 °C. Aliquots of 2 mL sample were withdrawn from the receptor medium at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h time intervals. Withdrawn samples were compensated by an equal volume of the receptor medium. Each sample was subjected, after suitable dilution, to spectrophotometric analysis at λmax of 290 nm by a validated method of analysis (Nirali et al., 2015). Calibration curves were previously constructed for determination of the absorbance constant, all test samples were run against blank under the same experimental conditions using the corresponding base without drug. The cumulative amount of the drug permeated (Qs) through the membrane in the receptor compartment at the nth sampling was estimated by the equation: Cn is the drug concentration in the receptor solution at the nth sampling time, Ci is the drug concentration of the sample, and V and Vi are the volumes of the receiver solution and the withdrawn sample, respectively. S is the effective diffusion area. The cumulative amount of CFZ permeated was plotted as a function of time. Instantaneous flux against time curve was obtained by plotting the amount of drug permeated per unit time against time. From the two curves, the permeation parameters (Q24), the maximum flux (Jmax) and the time required to reach this flux (Tmax) were obtained (Lau & Ng, 2017). These permeation parameters were further used as assessment criteria for the selection of the most promising formula for the in vivo study.