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Consumer Views on Health Issues Arising from Food Products
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Harita R. Desai, Murlidhar Meghwal
Codex Alimentarius comprises of an amalgamation of food standards represented in a systematic codified manner. All regulations associated with principal foodstuffs of different nature (such as processed, semiprocessed) are found in the “Codex Alimentarius”, which comprises of 300 standards in 13 volumes associated with properties and safety profile of food products.
From Sea to Plate: Pollution of the Marine Environment and Food Safety in International and EU Law
Published in Stefania Negri, Environmental Health in International and EU Law, 2019
Over its more than fifty years of existence, the Codex Alimentarius has proved to be one of the most important international players in the field of food safety governance. It regularly and decisively helps to achieve viable food safety in the international arena, whilst also promoting the inclusion of food product concerns on the international political agenda to ensure that food is safe and healthy.37
The safety and quality of food
Published in Geoffrey P. Webb, Nutrition, 2019
The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an international body that was set up by the United Nations in 1962 to try to establish international food standards. Over 160 countries are members of this commission. Membership of the commission does not oblige members to accept the international standards and most industrialised countries have retained their own national standards. This means that so far the commission has been a useful forum for international debate of food standards and safety issues but that the direct impact of its standards has been very limited.
Polyethylene oxide and its controlled release properties in hydrophilic matrix tablets for oral administration
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2020
Jigar D. Vanza, Rashmin B. Patel, Richa R. Dave, Mrunali R. Patel
Polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymers, available commercially under the trade name of POLYOX™ water-soluble resins (WSR), is a hydrophilic polymer that has to comply with the US Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) and the European Union (EU) standard. They need to comply with the necessities of the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC) as well as the International Codex Alimentarius Commission (POLYOX Water-soluble Resins NF in Pharmaceutical Applications. Dow Chemical Company Brochure; August 2004). POLYOX has been listed in the FDA Inactive Ingredient Database (IID) with the maximum potency per unit dose as tabularized in Table 6 for oral administration depending upon MW (U.S. Food and Drug Administration Inactive Ingredients Database October 2019). Pharmaceutical grades of POLYOX NF have maximum heavy metals and free ethylene oxide content of 0.001% (10 ppm) and are satisfactory for consumption in the United States of America (USP 41 – NF 36) (Colombo et al. 2000). The POLYOX NEO grades have a lower level of ethylene oxide and an extreme free ethylene oxide specification of 0.0001% (1 ppm). The NEO grades are satisfactory for pharmaceutical usage in the USA as well as in Europe. Almost 1.5% of fumed silica present in POLYOX acts as a glidant to increase its flowability. All POLYOX NF pharmaceutical grades consist of 300–500 ppm concentration of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as an antioxidant and stabilizer depending on the polymer MW grade used (Antioxidant Use in POLYOX™ ER Matrices. Application Data. POLYOXTM Water Soluble Resins. Colorcon 2009).
Harmonized methodology to assess chronic dietary exposure to residues from compounds used as pesticide and veterinary drug
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Davide Arcella, Alan Boobis, Peter Cressey, Holly Erdely, Vittorio Fattori, Jean-Charles Leblanc, Markus Lipp, Rainer Reuss, Stefan Scheid, Angelika Tritscher, Trijntje Van der Velde-Koerts, Philippe Verger
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) jointly administer joint scientific expert committees performing global health risk assessments for chemicals occurring in food. These assessments serve as the basis for national and international food safety standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. Historically, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) have evaluated independently the safety of residues of pesticides, and veterinary drugs respectively. However, several chemicals fall into the dual-use category, i.e. used both as a pesticide and as a veterinary drug. As an inadvertent consequence of the individual assessments, risk managers may develop management options in which the exposure scenario for each chemical from JMPR and JECFA is evaluated separately, without an overall consideration of the combined dietary exposure to such chemicals. This has been triggering a need to provide risk managers with sufficient information to enable the establishment of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for those substances that are used for both applications and which are adequately protective of public health.
Overview on legislation and scientific approaches for risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals: the potential EuroMix contribution
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2018
S. Rotter, A. Beronius, A. R. Boobis, A. Hanberg, J. van Klaveren, M. Luijten, K. Machera, D. Nikolopoulou, H. van der Voet, J. Zilliacus, R. Solecki
EuroMix aims to develop a pragmatic approach for risk assessment of combined exposure to multiple chemicals derived from multiple sources. The approach developed will be assessed in proof-of-principle studies in which the use of in silico tools and in vitro methods for this purpose will be verified in vivo for three adverse outcomes (i.e. liver steatosis, adverse effects on reproduction due to endocrine disruption, and skeletal malformation/cleft palate), as examples. The EuroMix project will deliver an innovative platform of tools and test methods for mixture testing and refined grouping of chemicals into CAGs, for both data rich and data poor chemicals. Hazard and exposure models will be embedded in a model toolbox, made available to stakeholders through an openly accessible web-based platform. Criteria will be set and guidance will be produced on how to use and implement the tiered testing and assessment strategy. Dissemination and harmonization of the approach within EU and more broadly within the international community, by involving, among others, WHO, Codex Alimentarius, OECD and US EPA in the project and by the participation of experts from such organizations will play a key role in helping establish international food safety policies.