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Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation in Global Public Health Practice
Published in Vincent La Placa, Julia Morgan, Social Science Perspectives on Global Public Health, 2023
Charles Oham, Maurice Ekwugha, Gladius Kulothungan
Another form of social enterprise is ‘Fair-Trade’ organisations. They act as hybrids, comprising a strategy of generating revenue from trading activity, and the social advancement of farmers, as a social objective (Doherty et al., 2014). One example of a fair-trade organisation is ‘Kuapa Kokoo Farmers’ Cooperative’, based in Ghana, and major shareholders of ‘Devine Chocolate Ltd.’ in the UK. They are a fair-trade farmers’ cooperative that started in 1993 and supplies over 1,000 tons of cocoa to the European Union each year (Devine Chocolate, 2021). The profits realised from obtaining a higher premium for their cocoa beans have been used to provide public healthcare services that support the comprehensive healthcare delivery of their farmers. Clinic attendance stands at 3,293 registered attendants and there have been over 23,000 visits since its establishment. Kuapa Kokoo has also established a health insurance scheme for farmers to access health services in any government facility. Other programmes operated include the building and running of schools, Agro-Forestry, TeleAgric, campaigns against child labour, gender-based violence, and labour rights (Kuapa Kokoo, 2022).
Introduction
Published in Linda K. Fuller, Chocolate Fads, Folklore, & Fantasies, 2020
“Chocolate” is a Mexican-Indian collaboration of the terms Choco (”foam") and atl (”water"). The cocoa bean comes from the cacao tree, and our word for its ultimate food is “chocolate.” Thomas Gage wrote in his 1648 “New Survey of the West Indies”: “The name chocolatte is an Indian name, and is compounded from ‘alta’ … which in the Mexican language signifieth water, and from the sound which the water (wherein is put the chocolatte) makes, as ‘choco, choco, choco,’ when it is stirred in a cup by an instrument called a ‘molinet,’ until it bubble and rise into a froath.”
Herbs with Antidepressant Effects
Published in Scott Mendelson, Herbal Treatment of Major Depression, 2019
The cocoa bean from which chocolate is made contains nitrogenous elements, most notably the methylxanthines, theobromine and caffeine. It also contains a variety of flavonoids, the most prominent of which are epicatechin and catechin 2. Those flavonoids, in turn, can also serve as building blocks for the polyphenolic procyanidins.1
The impact of different dark chocolate dietary patterns on synaptic potency and plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 area of the rats under chronic isolation stress
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Elham Kalantarzadeh, Maryam Radahmadi, Parham Reisi
Cocoa and its by-products have antioxidants and phytochemicals, like flavonoids, that contribute to the improvement of brain functions, cognition, mood states, and behavioural patterns [8–10]. During the past decades, the consumption of chocolate (derived from cocoa beans) as a functional food has become worldwide [11]. Accordingly, various types of commercially available chocolate products, including white, milk, and dark chocolate (DC), have been among the most palatable food items. These DC varieties contain different amounts of cocoa [10,12]. However, among various kinds of chocolate, dark chocolate is the most effective type in brain function improvement [9,13]. Also, consumption of DC in life, and especially under stress conditions [14], may optimise cognitive functions [10]. Since the changes in dietary patterns are determining lifestyle factors in different chronic disorders [15], adding chocolate as a dietary regimen might be helpful for cellular brain mechanisms. However, despite extensive studies on different aspects of dark chocolate, there is no published literature regarding the cellular memory-related mechanisms. Therefore, this study has aimed to investigate the impact of three DC dietary patterns on neural synaptic potency and long-term plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 area, as well as the food intake and body weight in rats under chronic isolation stress.
Health effects, sources, utilization and safety of tannins: a critical review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Kartik Sharma, Vikas Kumar, Jaspreet Kaur, Beenu Tanwar, Ankit Goyal, Rakesh Sharma, Yogesh Gat, Ashwani Kumar
Among the different natural sources of tannins, tea is cultivated worldwide and the major tea producing countries are India, Java, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Kenya and Japan (Willson and Clifford 2012). It is one of the most widely consumed beverages after water (Kumar et al.2016, Kumar and Joshi 2016, Joshi and Kumar 2017) and is used as a source of refreshment. Coffee is cultivated all over the world and the major coffee producing countries are Ethiopia, Brazil, Indonesia, Vietnam, Columbia (Kumar et al.2018). Most of the coffee species that are used for commercial purposes originate from Africa (Pohlan and Janssens 2010). Cocoa is the primary ingredient used in the manufacturing of chocolates (Ghosh 2015). Ghana is the second largest producer of cocoa beans as well as famous for top most production of cocoa beans of premium quality (Kumar et al.2018). Guarana, which is obtained from (Paullinia cupana) is a climbing shrub native to Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay and Bolivia. Guarana and kola nuts have a stimulating effect (Morton 1992).
Factors Impeding Social Service Delivery among the Baka Pygmies of Cameroon
Published in Journal of Progressive Human Services, 2019
However, despite gradual awareness among the Baka and the need to secure their food needs, they are still used as labourers in the farms of the Bantus. In exchange for their labour in cultivating Bantu fields, they usually receive a much lower price than the effort invested (cigarettes, local wine and silver coins). Similarly, the Baka are increasingly interested in the production of income generating cash crops. In Bidjouki and Kounabembé areas, we observed significant cocoa plantations belonging to the Baka. At the Baka camp in Kotter, in the Bidjouki area, we learned that the Baka were the first to establish farms and that the Bantu joined them after the early somewhat successful harvests. However, most Baka owners of cocoa plantations always lease out their farmland because they are not capable of maintaining these farms for a long time. In the Madjoué, and Kounabembe areas, we observed the Baka transporting the cocoa beans from plantations leased out by other Bakas. The real aim of sedentarization was to ensure tax collection (Pemunta, 2013). It was therefore not an act of benevolence per se.