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Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Vitamin D, also called calciferol, has several forms (vitamers) that are all fat-soluble. Two main forms of vitamin D present in nature are: vitamin D2 or ergocalciferol, and vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
In the past, the chemistry of vitamin D metabolism has been complicated by technical difficulties in measuring the extremely small amounts of activated metabolites and inactivated metabolites of calciferol. Further compounding calciferol confusion is the multiplicity of analogs with vitamin D activity. Furthermore, synthesis of vitamin D by the human body is a normal event, which is another reason that vitamin D does not fit the definition of a vitamin. However, the entrenchment over many years of food, clinical, and legal uses for calciferols has become too commonplace to change.
Alternatives to hormone replacement therapy: what is the role of calcium and vitamin D?
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
Three large trials have been conducted to date assessing the effect of calciferol administration with or without calcium on fractures in the elderly. In the study from Finland almost 800 elderly persons were randomized to receive 150 000 iu vitamin D2 annually (in 1 of 5 years 300 000 iu were given) or to act as controls25. Circulating levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D were normalized in patients receiving the ergocalciferol injections, but a significant fall in alkaline phosphatase was only observed during the year with 300 000 iu injection (corresponding approximately to 800 iu per day). The total number of symptomatic fractures was reduced by 25% in the vitamin D-treated subjects (p= 0.03).
Vitamin D attenuates biofilm-associated infections via immunomodulation and cathelicidin expression: a narrative review
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Ruby Benson, Mazhuvancherry Kesavan Unnikrishnan, Shilia Jacob Kurian, Saleena Ummer Velladath, Gabriel Sunil Rodrigues, Raghu Chandrashekar Hariharapura, Anju Muraleedharan, Dinesh Bangalore Venkateshiah, Barnini Banerjee, Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay, Aieshel Serafin Johnson, Murali Munisamy, Mahadev Rao, Benson Mathai Kochikuzhyil, Sonal Sekhar Miraj
Vitamin D, also known as calciferol, is a secosteroid that is essential for bone health and plays a variety of biological roles such as AMP production and inflammation regulation via immunomodulation [8]. Optimal exposure to sun produces adequate vitamin D, which is stored in body fat and primarily released during winters. Many, including health professionals, choose oral vitamin D supplements on account of concerns of sunburn and skin cancer, in addition to indoor lifestyles, religious practices, extreme weather, etc. Oral vitamin D comes in two different forms, namely, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). Vitamin D3 is maximally found in fatty fish, fish oils, egg yolks, liver, fortified foods, and diets. Vitamin D2 is maximally found in mushrooms grown in ultraviolet light [21,22].
Toxicological evaluation of ergocalciferol, cholecalciferol, and their metabolites by a category approach
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Gulcin Tugcu, Mohammad Charehsaz, Ahmet Aydın
There are insufficient toxicity data on vitamin D2, vitamin D3, and their metabolites. However, available data on compounds within the constructed category could be used to predict these endpoints. Based on the current existing data, vitamin D and the metabolites do not present a concern for genotoxicity. Additionally, there is no indication for skin sensitization. Carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, developmental, and reproductive toxicity data on the studied compounds are insufficient to assert them as toxic. While the recommended dietary allowance for human is 15 µg/day, the tolerable upper intake level is reported to be 100 µg/day (Ross et al.2010). Hence, the compounds under study do not pose a health risk from the perspective of risk assessment. The untested vitamin D analogs within this category (calciferol, ercalcidiol, ercalcitriol, calciol, calcidiol, and calcitriol) can be read across to complete the data gaps for the toxicological endpoints. The experiments performed in the cited literature works are not intended for children and infants. Therefore, our conclusions are applicable to adults, and we cannot comment on the toxicity of this compounds on children and infants.
Mechanistic links between vitamin deficiencies and diabetes mellitus: a review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021
Tajudeen O. Yahaya, AbdulRahman B. Yusuf, Jamilu K. Danjuma, Bello M. Usman, Yahaya M. Ishiaku
Vitamin D (also called ‘calciferol’) is a fat-soluble vitamin that occurs naturally in some foods and is also available as additives and dietary supplements [64]. Fatty fish, including salmon, tuna, mackerel, trout, and fish liver oils are among notable sources of vitamin D [64]. Furthermore, vitamin D is synthesized by the body when the skin absorbs ultraviolet rays from the sun and stimulates vitamin D synthesis [64]. However, vitamin D obtained from foods, ultraviolet rays, and food additives are biologically inactive and must pass through two hydroxylation processes in the body to become active [64]. The first hydroxylation occurs in the liver, where vitamin D is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D], also known as ‘calcidiol’. The second hydroxylation occurs primarily in the kidney and results in the metabolically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [125OH], also known as “calcitriol [64].